Pochybuji velmi va'z(ne( pokud si bude moci koupit jeden ... Samozr(ejme(, existuji' spousta nabi'dek "Mandrake kor(eny" na internetu: Mayapple kor(eny? dtto, ale nakra'jenou-up? dtto-zem, ale na prach? co takhle Bryony? Harry Poter nebo odmi'tnout?

Zde je pravy': nemu*z(ete koupit ... i kdyz( bychom pos(tu ono az( k tebe - Pochybuji, z(e by dorazit naz(ivu ... VUT Mu*z(ete pouz(i't tyto GENUINE U'rodny' SEMENA K Grow Your Own!

Je to dobry' den, kdyz( jsme se naji't jeden nebo dva za'vody, a my jsme pec(live( zna'mky jejich polohu na mape(, pr(ed na'vratem domu* na oslavu.

Perfektni' poc(asi' jsou potr(ebne' pro rostliny, ktere' kve(tu, se opyleny'ch, a nastavit ovoce.

Vybi'ra'me pouze plne( zrale' plody s ci'lem poskytnout silny', u'rodny' semena-ale to musi'me soute(z(it s volne( z(iji'ci'mi pta'ky a zvi'r(ata.

Vra'ti'me se na jar(e, mezi Pesach a letnic, pr(emi'ste(ni' kaz(dy' za'vod a kontrolu, jake' kvantum pr(i'rody na'm poskytl v tomto roce. Ne(kdy nejsou z(a'dne' ovoce (suche' ve(try zabil kve(tiny off), ne(kdy pta'ci maji' pecked di'ry v ovoci a vydi'raji' jim, ne(kdy jelena jedl ripest ty ... Vybi'ra'me pouze zrale' a nepos(kozene', a vra'tit se za 2 dny na kontrolu kaz(de' rostliny, dokud jsme shroma'z(dili vs(echny dobroty.

Nastavili jsme sklizene' ovoce na slunci v otevr(ene'm sklenic a jejich neuve(r(itelne( sladkou vu*ni' napln(uje nas(e usedlosti, r(i'kat vs(echno, co sezo'ne( jabli'c(ka byla opravdu dorazil! (Jsme okamz(ite( zrus(il ve(ts(inu dokonale zrale' plody, a kontaktni' ty kter(i' chte(ji' kompletni' ovoce samotne', ktere' jsou podstatou tajemstvi' Matriarchs ... ale to je jiny' pr(i'be(h ...)

Kdyz( plody jsou me(kke', jsme skluzu ku*z(e a pec(live( omyjte maso bez semen, pak se s(i'r(i' ven sus(it na slunci.

Po me(si'ci, uloz(i'me semen v deepfreeze, na zachovale' sve(z(est a vitalitu.

A pos(lete je na nas(i pr(a'tele' na cele'm sve(te(, s poz(ehna'ni'm pro plodnost!

Mandragora autumnalis Mandragora officinarum Mandragora turcomanica Mandragora caulescens

Mandrake je spolec(ny' na'zev pro c(leny rodu* Mandragora patr(i' do nightshades rodiny (Solanaceae). Vzhledem k tomu, mandragora obsahuje deliriant halucinogenni' tropanove' alkaloidy jako hyosciamin a kor(eny ne(kdy obsahuji' bifurkaci' pr(ime(t je, aby se podobal lidske' postavy, ma' sve' kor(eny uz( dlouho pouz(i'va' v magicke' ritua'ly, dnes rovne(z( v neopagan na'boz(enstvi' jako Wicca a germa'nske' obrozenecke' na'boz(enstvi' jako Odinism.

Mandrake, Mandragora le'kar(ska' je rostlina nazy'va' Arabove' Luffa ^ h, nebo beid el-jinn ( "dz(ina vejce"). Petrz(el-tvarovany' kor(en je c(asto rozve(tvene'. Tento kor(en vyda'va' na povrchu zeme( rozetu vejc(ite'-podlouhle' az( vejc(ite', vra'sc(ita', kr(ehky', zvlne(ny'-dentatus na cele' listy, 5 - 40 cm (2,0 - 16 v) dlouho, pone(kud se podobaji'ci' taba'ku-rostliny . C(i'slo jedna-kve(tovany' pr(ikyvuje stopek na jar(e od krku loz(iska be(lave'-zelene' kve(ty, te'me(r( 5 cm (2.0 in) s(iroka', ktere' vytva'r(eji' kulovite', s(t(avnate', oranz(ove' az( c(ervene' bobule, pr(ipomi'naji'ci' mala' rajc(ata, ktera' dozra'vaji' v pozdni'm jaru. Vs(echny c(a'sti mandrake rostliny jsou jedovate'. Rostlina pr(irozene( roste v jiz(ni' a str(edni' Evrope( av zemi'ch kolem Str(edozemni'ho mor(e, jakoz( i na Korsice.

Stary' za'kon

V Genesis 30, Ruben, nejstars(i' syn Jacob a jabli'c(ka Leah nacha'zi' v poli. Rachel, Ja'kobu*v neplodny' druha' manz(elka a sestra Leah se s pr(a'ni'm jabli'c(ka a vy'me(nne' obchody s Leah pro ne(. Obchod nabi'zi' Rachel je pro Leah stra'vit dals(i' noc v posteli Jakuba v vy'me(nou za jablec(ka Leah. Leah rozda' za'vodu na jeji' hole' sestra, ale brzy po tomto (Genesis 30:14-22), Leah, ktery' pr(edti'm me(l c(tyr(i syny, ale byli neplodni' dlouhou dobu, ote(hotne(la jes(te( jednou a c(asem porodila dals(i' dva synove', Izachar a Zabulon, a dcera, Dinah. Az( ne(kolik let po te'to epizode( ji z(a'daji' o jabli'c(ka se Rachel podar(ilo ote(hotne(t. Existuji' klasicke' z(idovske' komenta'r(e, ktere' naznac(uji', z(e jabli'c(ka poma'haji' neplodna' z(ena'm poc(i't di'te(, ac(koli. [Editovat]

Mandrake v hebrejs(tine( je a~a*a~a`e'i' (du ^ da ~ 'im), coz( znamena' "la'ska rostlin". Z ne(ktery'ch asijsky'ch kultura'ch, to je ve(r(il k zajis(te(ni' koncepce. [Editovat] Ve(ts(ina tlumoc(ni'ku* [who?] Drz(i' Mandragora le'kar(ska', ktere' maji' by't rostliny, ktere' jsou urc(eny Genesis 30:14 ( "la'ska rostlin") a Pi'sen( pi'sni' 7:13 ( " jabli'c(ka posi'lat sve' vu*ne( "). R(ada dals(i'ch rostlin byly navrz(eny jako ostruz(iny, Zizyphus Lotus, Sidr Arabu*, bana'n, lilie, citron, a fi'ky.

Magie, kouzel a c(arode(jnictvi'

Mandragora, z Tacuinum Sanitatis (1474). Mandragora rostlin

Podle legendy, kdyz( je kor(en vykopali, z(e kr(ik a zabi'ji' vs(echny, kdo slys(i'. Literatury obsahuje komplexni' pokyny pro sbe(r mandrake root v relativni'm bezpec(i'. Napr(i'klad Josephus (cca 37 nl Jeruzale'm - cca 100), vyda'va' tento na'vod k taha'ni' to:

Ry'ha musi' by't kopal kolem kor(ene az( do jeho spodni' c(a'sti je vystaven, pak pes je va'za'no na to, po ktere'm osoba va'za'ni' pes musi' dostat pryc(. Pes pak se snaz(i', aby ho na'sledoval, a tak snadno vyta'hne nahoru root, ale umr(e na'hle mi'sto sve'ho pa'na. Po te'to kor(en lze manipulovat bez obav.

Vy'n(atek z kapitoly XVI, c(arode(jnictvi' a kouzel: Transcendenta'lni' Magic sve' doktri'ny a ritua'l Eliphas Levi. Kompletni' Pr(eklad Dogmatu et Rituel de la Haute Magie Arthur Edward Waite. 1896

... pr(ida'me ne(kolik slov o mandragores (jabli'c(ka) a androidi, ktere' ne(kolik spisovatelu* o magii ple'st s voskovy' obraz, slouz(i'ci' u'c(ely okouzleni'. Pr(i'rodni' Mandragore je vla'knity' kor(en, ktery' vi'ce c(i me'ne(, pr(edstavuje jako celek, ani postava muz(e, nebo to muz(ny' c(lenu*. To je mi'rne( omamny'ch a aphrodisiacal ctnosti' pr(ipsal ji' pr(edkove', kter(i' zastupovali jej hledali Thessalian c(arode(ju* na sloz(eni' philtres. Je to kor(en pupec(ni' pozu*statek nas(eho pozemske'ho pu*vodu? Dovolujeme si nemu*z(e va'z(ne( tvrdit, ale vs(echny stejne', je jiste', z(e muz( vys(el ze slizu zeme(, a jeho prvni' vystoupeni' musi' by't ve forme( hruby' na'c(rt. Analogie pr(i'rody, aby tento pojem nutne( pr(i'pustna', alespon( jako moz(nost. Prvni' muz(i, v tomto pr(i'pade(, rodina giganticke', citlive' mandragores, animovane' sluncem, ktery' kor(eny se od zeme(, coz( pr(edpokla'da' nejen nevyluc(uje, ale naopak pozitivne( pr(edpokla'da', kreativni' a bude prozr(etelny'ch co-provoz prvni' pr(i'c(inu, kterou ma'me du*vod k vola'ni' Boha. Ne(kter(i' alchymiste', zapu*sobil na tento na'pad, spekuloval o kultur(e Mandragore a experimentoval v ume(le' reprodukce pu*dy dostatec(ne( plodna' a slunec(ni' dostatec(ne( aktivni', aby zlids(tit zmi'ne(ne' kor(eny, a tak vytvor(it muz(u* bez shody samice. (Viz: Homunkulus) dals(i', kter(i' povaz(ovali lidstvo za synte'zu zvi'r(at, zoufal o vitalising the Mandragore, ale pr(es(li monstro'zni' pa'ru* a pr(edpokla'dane' lidske' semeno do zvi'r(ete zemi, jen pro vy'robu hanebne' zloc(iny a neplodne' deformit. Tr(eti' metoda tvorby android byl galvanicky'm stroju*. Jeden z te(chto te'me(r( inteligentni' automat byl pr(ic(i'ta'n Albertus Magnus, a to je r(i'kal, z(e St Thomas (Thomas Aquinas) znic(ili jednou ranou od tyc(, protoz(e byl zmatena jeho odpove(di. Tento pr(i'be(h je alegorii', android byl primitivni' scholastika, ktery' byl rozbit Summa St Thomas, odva'z(ne' inova'tor, ktery' nejprve nahradit absolutni'm pra'vem du*vod k libovolne' boz(stvi', formulova'ni'm, z(e axiom, ktere' nemu*z(eme opakovat pr(i'lis( c(asto, protoz(e pocha'zi' z tohoto pa'na: "co neni' jen proto, z(e Bu*h chce, ale Bu*h chce, protoz(e to je spravedlive'. Skutec(ny'm a va'z(ne' android ze starove(ku bylo tajemstvi', ktere' zu*stal skryty' ze vs(ech oc(i' a Mesmer byl prvni'm , ktera' me(la odvahu prozradit to, z(e bylo rozs(i'r(eni' vu*le kouzelni'k do jine'ho te(la, organizova'ny a disponuji' za'kladni' ducha ve vi'ce moderni'ch a srozumitelne' vyja'dr(eni' bylo magneticke' pr(edme(t.

Byl to spolec(ny' folkloru v ne(ktery'ch zemi'ch, ktere' mandrake by ru*st pouze v pr(i'padech, kdy byla sperma pove(s(eny' padaly na zem, coz( se zda' by't du*vodem pro metody pouz(ite' alchymistu*, kter(i' se "pr(edpokla'da' lidske' semeno do zvi'r(eci'ho zeme(" . V Ne(mecku je rostlina zna'ma' jako Alraune: roma'n (pozde(ji upraven jako film) Alraune by Hanns Heinz Ewers je zaloz(en na bezduchy' z(ena poc(ala z pove(s(eny' jeho sperma, na'zev odkazuji'ci' na tento my'tus o pu*vodu Mandrake je.

Na'sleduji'ci' je pr(evzato z "Paul kr(est(anska'". [1], pp. 402-403, The History and Practice of Magic Paul Christian. 1963: Chte(li byste, aby Mandragora, tak silny' jako homunculus (maly' muz( v la'hvi), tak chva'len Paracelsus? Pak naji't kor(en rostliny zvane' posed. Vezmi si to z toho du*vodu v ponde(li' (den Me(si'ce), coz( je ma'lo c(asu, po jarni' rovnodennosti. Useknou konce kor(ene a pohr(bi't je v noci v ne(ktery'ch zemi'ch hr(bitove( v mrtve'ho muz(e hrob. Do tr(iceti dnu* vody je kravske'ho mle'ka, v ni'z( maji' tr(i netopy'ry se utopil. Kdyz( jedenatr(ica'ty' den nastane, vyjme(te kor(eny v noci a osus(te ji v peci vyta'pe(ne' s poboc(kami verbeny, pak zabalte do kousku mrtve'ho likvidace-listu a nosit s sebou vs(ude .

V literatur(e

* V Bibli

V Genesis 30:14, Leah da'va' Rachel jabli'c(ka vy'me(nou za noc spi' s manz(elem. Pru*be(hu sklizne( ps(enice, Reuben vys(li na pole a zjistil ne(ktere' mandrake rostlin, ktery' podal sve' matce Leah. Ra'chel vs(ak na Leu, "Prosi'm te(, dej mi trochu sve'ho syna jabli'c(ka la'sky."

V Pi'sen( pi'sni', to je pouz(i'va'no jako symbol vu*ne(: "jabli'c(ka vyslat sve' vu*ni, a na nas(e dver(e jsou vs(echny pochoutka, novy'ch i stary'ch, z(e jsem nahromadili pro tebe, mu*j milenec."

Ve sve' vi'ce zlove(stny' vy'znam:

* Machiavelli napsal hru Mandragola (Mandrake), ve ktere'm pozemku se toc(i' kolem pouz(iti' mandrake lektvar jako trik, jak posteli z(enu. * Shakespeare odkazuje c(tyr(ikra't, Mandrake a dvakra't pod jme'nem mandragora. "... Ne ma'k, ani mandragora, ani vs(echny ospaly' sirupu* na sve(te(, se kdy le'k te(, z(e sladky' spa'nek, ktere' jsi owedst vc(era. "Shakespeare: Othello III.iii" Dej mi napi't mandragora ... Z(e bych mohla spa't tento velky' propast c(asu Moje Antony je pryc(. "Shakespeare: Antonius a Kleopatra Iv" vy'kr(iky jako jabli'c(ka 'vytrz(ene' ze zeme(. "Shakespeare: Romeo a Julie IV.iii" Mohl nada'vek zabi't, protoz(e Zdaz( Mandrake je povzdech "King Henry VI c(a'st II III.ii * Thomas Lovell Beddoes pouz(i'va' na'zev mandrake pro znak v jeho hr(e, Smrti Jest Book. * John Webster v ve'vodkyne( Malfi: Ferdinand "Ja' jsem tuto noc vykopal az( Mandrake ..." * John Donne je pi'sen(: "Jdi a chytit padaji'ci' hve(zda si s di'te(tem mandrake root R(ekne(te mi, kde jsou vs(echny minuly'ch let, nebo kdo rozs(te(p d(a'bla nohy ..." (Tato ba'sen( je slys(et soubor na hudbu John Renbourn [sla'vy Pentangle] v jeho stejnojmenne' CD [Transatlantic TRA 135, 1965]) * DH Lawrence jen Mandrake jako "plevel s(patne'ho-omen". * Ezra Pound pouz(il jako metaforu ve sve' ba'sni "Portrait d'une femme": "Jste osoba ne(jake'ho za'jmu, jeden pr(ijde k va'm a bere podivne' zi'skat daleko: [...] Te(hotne' s jabli'c(ka, nebo ne(co jine'ho, co by mohlo by't uz(itec(ne', a pr(esto se nikdy neproka'z(e, [...]" * Samuel Beckett, v aktu ja' C(eka'ni' na Godota dva u'c(astni'ci diskutovat visi' sebou a se odkazuje na vi'ru, z(e mandragora je nasadi' do ejakulace s pove(sili muz(e. * John Steinbeck v zime( nas(i' nespokojenosti pi's(e, z(e Ethan Hawley ma' mandrake kor(eny v jeho rodinne' de(dictvi', ktere' ho popisuje jako "dokonaly' c(lovi'c(ek, nakli'c(ena' od smrti-vysunuti' semene pove(s(eny'". * V JK Rowlingove' Harry Potter a Tajemna' komnata je mandrake root pe(stovany'ch profesor Sadba vyle'c(it petrifikace ne(kolika postav, ktere' vypadal nepr(i'mo do oc(i' bazilis(ka, autor vyuz(i'va' legende( mandrake vy'kr(ik (viz vy's(e), a ne(kdo tendenci jabli'c(ka nosi' Chra'nic(e us(i' na nudne' zvuk kr(ic(et, v pr(i'pade(, z(e zar(i'zeni' musi' by't transplantovana'. * Mandrake the Kouzelni'k je americky' komiks vytvor(il v roce 1934 Lee Falk (take' tvu*rce Phantom) a hlavne( jsou uvedeny v publikova'ni' v novina'ch. * V Yasuhiro Kana-to manga Mx0, Lucy je kouzelne' mandrake, z(e tajne( podpory hlavni'ho hrdiny. * William S. Burroughs 'roma'nu Nahy' obe(d na'pis "Johnny jec(et jako Mandrake" * Salman Rushdie roma'n Enchantress Florencie c(te "[...] my'ticka' rostlina mi'stni'ch tzv. ayi "q oti", jinak zna'my' jako Mandrake root. The mandragora - nebo "man-drag-on" [...] kr(ic(el, kdyz( pr(ita'hl je do vzduchu stejne( jako lidske' bytosti by se kr(ic(et kdyz( pohr(bil je naz(ivu. " Pak roma'n vypra'vi' pr(i'be(h o chlapci se snaz(i' pe(stovat mandrake pomoci' pove(sili arcibiskupa spermatu. Mandrake ma' velmi silne' le'c(ive' u'c(inky a je vy'luc(ne( pouz(i'va' k le'c(eni' nemoci'. * Cormac McCarthy roma'n Vne(js(i' Dark - s odkazem na mrtvola visela na ve(tvi stromu - na'pis "C(erna' mandrake skoc(il pod stromem, protoz(e bude-li osivo pove(sil pa'du* a na jar(e novou poboc(ku propi'chnuti' hrudi a kve(tovany' zelene( boutonnie `re trvalka pod jeho z(luty'm u'sme(vem." * V Davida McRobbie roma'n Mandragora c(tyr(i nada'val mandrake panenky na'hodou bra't na palubu lodi se pouz(i'va' pro osobu, dopravu ze Skotska do Austra'lie . Tyto panenky a jejich nada'vky skli'zet zmatek na palube( plavidla, ktere' maji' cestuji'ci', a to konc(i' v pr(i'padne' katastrofy. Mandrake panenka je take' bra't jako hodne( s(te(sti' do lode( kapita'na odrazit vs(eho zla, a to panenka sa'm se snaz(i' znic(it c(tyr(i dals(i' nada'vky. * V popisu z gravitace Rainbow Thomas Pynchon je pove(s(eny' jeho "kapku spermii' [.. .] Zme(ny v Mandrake root "pod rous(kou noci. * Sadeq Hedayat ve sve'm roma'nu The Blind Owl pi's(e" Jeji' vzduchem mi'si' veseli' a smutek, postavi' ji na rozdi'l od be(z(ne'ho c(love(ka. Jeji' kra'sa byla mimor(a'dna'. Pr(ipomne(la mi vide(ni' vide(t v opiove' spa'nku. Ona vzbudil ve mne( z(a'ru va's(ne(, jako ten, ktery' vzplane v Mandrake root. " (Trans. DP Costello, str. 10) * V Margit Sandemo Saga of the People Ice (47 di'lu*), je rostlina v mnoha c(a'stech, pak jako c(love(k v posledni'ch ne(kolika c(a'sti' * V pi'sni Iron Maiden "Moonchild" na albu " Seventh Son Of A Seventh Son "je ve(ta" Moonchild, slys(et mandrake vy'kr(ik ", odkaz na jekot mandrake, kdyz( vyta'hl ze zeme(. * Mercyful Fate, jehoz( vedouci' zpe(va'k King Diamond byl velky' za'jem a velmi podporuje okultni'ch a pohansky'ch praktik, ktere' vys(lo pod na'zvem Pi'sen( "Mandrake" z roku 1998 album Dead Again (Mercyful Fate album), ktery' diskutoval elektra'rny muz(ny' kvality a jeji' vy'znam v ritua'lni'ch aktivita'ch.

Ve filmu

* V Faunu*v labyrint, hlavni' postava Ofelia mi'sta baby-formoval mandrake root v misce c(erstve'ho mle'ka za te(hotnou matkou do postele vyle'c(it jeji' za'hadne' nemoci. * V Hadi' Kiss, Richard E. Grant 's charakter doda'va' ve forme( pra's(ku mandrake root Meneer Chrome (hra'l Ewan McGregor), tzv. snuff box v pokusu otra'vit. * Ve filmu Harry Potter a Tajemna' komnata studenti musi' repot Mandrake sazenic pr(i nos(eni' Chra'nic(e us(i' na ochranu proti smrti'ci' kr(ik. Na'poj nami'chany' pomoci' mandrake root je pouz(i't k le'c(eni' ne(kolik obe(ti' zkamene(ly'ch o bazilis(ka. Ve filmu, jabli'c(ka jsou male', vra'sc(ity', tmave( hne(de' obludy, ktere' jsou velmi os(klive'. * V Flesh & Blood (postavy Agnes, kterou hraje Jennifer Jason Leigh) a Stevena (Tom Burlinson) ji'st Mandrake Root, aby se pokles la'sce spolu navza'jem. * V To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout se odkazuje na "half-si pamatoval pr(i'be(hy changelings a Mandrake kor(eny." * V New Tricks, je Mandrake root pouz(i'va' k zanestetizovat psy, kter(i' jsou obe(ti' se'riove'ho vraha. To je take' v souvislosti s egyptsky'mi bohy Anubis a Vepuauet. * V Excalibur, Merlin testy Morgana znalost vlastnosti' Mandrake. * V epizode( The X-Files: "Cena za ne(z(nost", agent Fox Mulder pracuje na pr(i'padu , kde z(ena je pry' byly uvedeny mandrake a blouzni' o u'nosu jeji'ho di'te(te.

MANDRAKE (Mandragora officinarum), rostliny z brambor rodiny, aby Solanaceae, roda'k z oblasti Str(edozemni'ho mor(e. Ma' kra'tkou stopku s choma'c( vejc(ite' listy, s hustou masite' a c(asto vidlicovy'ch root. Kve(tiny jsou osame(le', s fialovy'm zvonek-tvarovany' koruna, ovoce je masity' oranz(ove(-barevne' bobule. Mandrake je jiz( dlouho zna'ma' pro jeho jedovate' vlastnosti a ma' ctnosti. Pu*sobi' jako emeticke'm, oc(istny' a omamne' la'tky, a byl velmi va'z(eny' ve stary'ch c(asu*, ale s vy'jimkou v Africe a na vy'chode(, kde je pouz(i'va'n jako narkotikum, a protikr(ec(ove', ztratila na i-zaslouz(eny' neva'z(nost. Ve starove(ku, v za'vislosti na Isidor Sevillsky' a Serapion, to bylo pouz(i'va'no jako narkotikum sni'z(it citlivost pod chirurgicke' za'kroky, a stejne' pouz(iti' je zmi'ne(n K.azwi-ni-, i. 297, sv "Luffa-h .." Shakespeare vi'ce nez( jednou, se zmin(uje o tento za'vod, stejne( jako v Antony and Cleopatra: "Dej mi napi't mandragora." Pr(edstava, z(e rostliny vykr(ikla pr(i dotyku se zmin(oval v Romeovi a Julii: " a vy'kr(iky jako jabli'c(ka vytrz(ene' ze zeme(, ktera' z(ije smrtelni'ci, poslouchaje jich, be(h bla'zen. "Mandrake, c(asto rostou jako dolni' konc(etiny c(love(ka, me(l mi't i jine' pr(ednosti, a byla hojne( vyuz(i'va'na pro la'sku philtres, zati'mco ovoce me(l, a na vy'chode( je sta'le ma', aby se usnadnilo te(hotenstvi' (srpen, C. Faust. xxii. 56, viz. Gen xxx. 14, kde hebrejske' a~a~?a`i^ je bezpochyby mandrake). Stejne( jako sle'z, Mandrake byl silny' ve vs(ech druzi'ch okouzleni' (viz Maimonides ve Chwolson, Ssabier, ii. 459). Dioscorides identifikuje s ???????, kor(enem pojmenova'n po kouzelnice Kirke'. Chcete-li se jevi' pouz(i't bajka magicke' byliny Baaras, ktery' cured demoniacs a byl por(i'zen u velke'ho rizika, nebo smrt psa zame(stnany'ch tahat to v Josephus (BJ VII. 6, § 3). Ne(mecky' na'zev rostliny (Alraune; OHG Alru ^ neuvedeno) uva'di' prorocka' si'la ma' by't v male' obra'zky (homunkulove', Goldma "nnchen, Galgenma" nnchen) z tohoto kor(ene, ktere' byly hy'c(kane' jako ve(s(tce. Drz(eni' te(chto kor(enu* byla mys(lenka, aby zajistily prosperitu. (Viz Du Cange, s.vv. "Mandragora", a Littre'ovy'mi '.)

Mandrake Latinsky' na'zev: Mandragora Dals(i' na'zvy: Mandegloire, Mandragloire za'vod s lidskou-tvarovane' kor(eny, z(e vy'kr(iky, kdyz( je vyta'hl ze zeme(

Obecne' atributy

Mandrake je rostlina, jeji' kor(eny rostou v lidske' podobe(, muz(i a z(eny, a kr(ik, kdyz( vytrz(eny ze zeme(. Je velmi vyuz(iti' v medici'ne(, ale kaz(dy', kdo slys(i' elektra'rny pla'c( zemr(e, nebo jde s(i'leny'. Proto bylo zvykem kravatu hladovy' pes k za'vodu s(n(u*ra a mi'sto kousek masa mimo jeji' dosah. Chcete-li zi'skat na maso psa zatahal za s(n(u*ru a odvlekli do za'vodu, zati'mco jeho pa'n zu*stal bezpec(ne( z doslechu. Mandragora roste na vy'chode(, bli'zko Ra'je. Aby bylo moz(ne' pochopit, slonice, musi' ji'st ne(ktere' mandrake root.

Mandrake je take' popsa'na ve str(edove(ke' herba'r(e, jako je napr(i'klad British Library Harley MS 4986 (dvana'cte'ho stoleti') (The Elephant ve str(edove(ky'ch Legenda a ume(ni' (Londy'n, 1919) Druce pr(eklad, upraven): 'Pokud chcete sbi'rat mandragora, protoz(e jeji' skve(le' zdravi'-da'vat kvality, budete sbi'rat v te'to moudre'. To svi'ti' v noci, jako je sve(tlo, a kdyz( vidi'te, z(e ochranna' zna'mka je kolem rychle se z(elezem lest to escape va's. Pro tak silny', je to moc v tom, z(e pokud je povaz(uje za nec(iste' c(love(ka pr(icha'zet na to, z(e utec(e. Takz(e z tohoto du*vodu jej oznac(i' kulaty'm z(elezem a kopat o tom, starat se, z(e nema'te dotknout se z(elezem, ale odstranit zemi z ne(j s nejve(ts(i' pec(livosti' se slonovinou sa'zce, a kdyz( jste si vs(imli nohou zar(i'zeni' a jeho ruce, pak se najednou va'zat rostlina s novy'm provaz a budes( kravatu stejne'm kole hrdlo hladovy' pes, a pr(ed ni'm mi'sto potravin v male' vzda'lenosti, takz(e v jeho dychtivost si potraviny, ktere' se mu*z(e vyta'hnout rostlinu. Ope(t mu*z(ete dostat to jiny'm zpu*sobem. Znac(ka pr(i'stroje jako mangonel mi'sto a opravit v ne(m vysoka' tyc(, na jehoz( vrcholu budete kravatu nove' lano, k c(emuz( pr(ispe(lo i rostlin je va'za'na, a ude(la's( to funguje jako druh past na mys(i z da'lky, kdy hu*l pruz(eni' zadni' vyta'hne za'vodu na vlastni' si'ly. A kdyz( ma'te ji nepr(etrz(ite' ve vas(ich rukou, v souc(asne' dobe( uloz(it s(t(a'va z listu* ve sklene(ne' na'dobe(, a tak budete udrz(ovat ji jako le'k pro c(love(ka. ' ... K dispozici je s(est le'ku* popsa'ny. Prvni'm z nich je na hlavu-bolest, ktera' zabran(uje spa'nku. Pro tento balza'm je vyroben s s(t(a'vou a pouz(i't na c(elo, jako omi'tka, 'je-li bolest v hlave( brzy ulevilo a spi' zase pr(ijde rychle.' Druha' je pro bolest v us(i'ch. S(t(a'va musi' by't smi'cha'n s olejem Nardu a sme(s nalijte do us(i', 'kdy bude pacient le'c(it s u'z(asnou rychlost.' Tr(eti' je pro te(z(kou za'chvat dny. Musi'te mi't na pravou ruku a pravou nohu z mandrake za'brany kaz(dy' a rozemelou na prach, a spravovat ve vi'ne( po dobu sedmi dnu*, kdy bude pacient se rychle odezne(la, a to zpu*sobi' nejen otok, ale take' kontrakce svalu* obnovit sa'm, a tak 'oba tyto proble'my se le'c(it v skve(ly' zpu*sob, jak jiz( bylo proka'za'no, autora experimenty.' C(tvrty' le'k je pro epileptiky, ktery' je pro osoby, kter(i' padli v za'chvatech, nebo kter(i' trpi' za'chvaty. Jedna pochybnost te(la zar(i'zeni' je zemske'ho povrchu a vzhledem k pacientovi v horke' vode(, 'jako u'plne', jak lod( mu*z(e mi't, a hned bude vyle'c(en.' Pa'ty' je pro kr(ec(e a kontrakce svalu*. 'Make pra's(ek, velmi jemne', te(la tohoto za'vodu, a promi'cha'me se sladkou ropu, a skvrna se na osoby, ktere' maji' uvedene' poti'z(e.' S(esty'm ku'ra je zaji'mave'. 'Je-li zima na hlavu, obzvla's(t( virulentni' druh, ktery' se objevil v dome(, mandrake rostlina-ale trochu jim to v dome(-odha'ni' vs(echny infekce.'

Zdroj rostlin byla popsa'na takto: "Lidsky' tvar mandrake root ma' zr(ejme( poma'ha' podporovat, pokud nepocha'zi', divne' pr(edstavy, z(e rostlina prameni' z drippings muz(e pove(sili na s(ibenici. Proto v Ne(mecko rostlina nese lidovy' na'zev Little Gallows Man. To je, nebo byli, ve(r(ili v te'to zemi, z(e kdyz( de(dic(ne' zlode(j, narozeny' v rodine( zlode(ju*, nebo ten, jehoz( matka ukradl, zati'mco on byl ve sve'm lu*ne(, je zave(s(en na s(ibenici, a jeho potomstvo nebo moc(i pada' na zem, mandrake nebo Little Gallows Man kli'c(ky na mi'ste(. Jini' vs(ak tvrdi', z(e lidsky' pr(edek zar(i'zeni' musi' by't, neni' zlode(j, ale nevinne' a cudny' mla'dez(e, ktery' byl donucen muc(eni'm fales(ne( prohla'sit sa'm zlode(j a na'sledne( skonc(ila sve' dny na s(ibenici. At( je to jakkoli, jedna z ve(ci', o ktery'ch vs(ichni se shoduji', je, z(e Little Gallows c(love(k vyru*sta' pod s(ibenici' strom te(lesne' trus pove(s(eny'. " (Jacob a jabli'c(ka (Oxford, 1917) Frazer, s. 9)

Zdroje (chronologicky)

Plinius stars(i' [1. stoleti' CE] (Natural History, kniha 25, 94): Plinius r(i'ka', z(e existuji' dve( odru*dy bi'le'ho mandragora, ktery' je obecne( povaz(ova'n za muz(e za'vodu, a c(erny', ktery' je povaz(ova'n za z(enu . Ma' listy uz(s(i' nez( na hla'vkovy' sala't, chlupatou lodyhou, a dvoulu*z(kove' nebo tr(i'lu*z(kove' kor(en, c(erny' bez a bi'la' uvnitr(, me(kky' a masity' a te'me(r( lokte na de'lku. Oba druhy ne'st ovoce o velikosti li'skove'ho-or(ech. . . . Listy na samic(i' rostliny jsou s(irs(i' nez( ty muz(ske'. (od slon v Str(edove(ka' legenda a ume(ni' (Londy'n, 1919) Druce, 1919)

Dioscorides [1. stoleti' CE] (De materia medica, 4-76): Mandagoras ma' kor(en, ktery' se zda' by't tvu*rcem la'sky le'ku*. Je tu jes(te( jeden druh, z(e je z(ena, c(erna', tzv. thridacias, s uz(s(i', dels(i' listy nez( hla'vkovy' sala't, s jedovaty'mi, te(z(ka' vu*ne(, roztrous(eny'ch na zemi. Mezi nimi jsou jablka podobne' serviceberries - sve(tla', se sladkou vu*ni' - v ne(mz( se semena jako hrus(ky. Dva nebo tr(i kor(eny jsou dobre' velikosti, zabalene' do jednoho jiny', c(erne' podle vne(js(i' vzhled, bi'la' uvnitr( a se silnou ku*ru, ale to nema' z(a'dny' stonku. Samec je bi'ly', a ne(kter(i' r(i'kali, z(e je norion. Listy jsou ve(ts(i', bi'le', s(iroke', hladke' jako r(epa, ale jablka jsou dvakra't tak velke' - te'me(r( s(afra'nove' barvy, sweetsmelling s urc(itou silou - coz( pasty'r(i ji'st usnout. Kor(en je podobny' jako vy's(e, ale ve(ts(i' a sve(tlejs(i', a to je take' bez stonku. Ku*ra kor(ene je bus(ilo a dz(us kdyz( je c(erstve', a propus(te(no do tisku. Pote', co se mi'cha' s(lehac(e me(l la'hev do keramicke' na'doby. Jablka jsou take' dz(us podobny'm zpu*sobem, ale s(t(a'va z nich se stane oslabena. Ku*ra z kor(ene se sta'hla, otvory se za'vitem, a pove(s(en na sklade(. Ne(ktere' var(it kor(eny s vi'nem, az( tr(etina zu*sta'va', kmene, a dal ji do sklenic. Pouz(i'vaji' winecupful to pro ty, kter(i' nemohou spa't, nebo jsou va'z(ne( zrane(n, a koho si pr(eji' uspat narko'zou ke sni'z(eni' nebo vypa'lit. Dvacet zrn s(t(a'vy (bra't jako na'poj s medem a vodou) vytlac(uji' hlen a c(erne' z(luc(i nahoru jako c(emer(ice, ale az( pr(i'lis( je bra'n jako na'poj zabi'ji'. Je smi'cha'n s oc(ni' le'ky, le'ky na zmi'rne(ni' bolesti a me(knuti' c(i'pky. Stejne( jako pe(t zrn (pouz(ita samostatne() vystr(eluje menstruaci a je abortivni'ch, a dal se do hra'ze jako c(i'pku zpu*sobuje spa'nek. Kor(en je u'dajne( zme(kc(it slonovinou, var(ene' spolu s ni'm i s(est hodin, a aby byl pr(ipraven k by't tvor(eny do jake'hokoli tvaru c(love(k chce. Aplikovana' s polentou, nove' listy jsou dobre' jak pro za'ne(ty oc(i' a vr(edy. (Tess Anne Osbaldeston pr(eklad)

Philippe de Thaun [12. stoleti'] (Bestiaire) (Pr(evzato z The Elephant ve str(edove(ky'ch Legenda a ume(ni' (Londy'n, 1919) Druce - U'c(et, na'sleduji'ci' bezprostr(edne( po slonovi a je obsaz(ena ve dvacet tr(i r(a'dky, se tr(emi okruhy v latine(. Dva rukopisy, British Library Bavlna Nero A. v. a Merton College MS. 249, byly pouz(ity.): Nadpis: De mandragora et ejus natura et liber komorni'k et quomodo cognoscitur. / R(i'ka', z(e z mandrake - z(e ma' dva kor(eny, /, ktere' tvor(i' - z(e muz( a z(ena. / Samice root - pro z(enu je le'k; / z(ena ma' listy - jako sala't, / samec ma' listy - jako r(epa. / By r(emesla jsou tato data zi'ska'na - slys(et a jaky'm zpu*sobem. / Okruh: Homo qui eam vult colligere. / 'Muz(, ktery' se bude sbi'rat - se musi' kopat o ne(m / Pomalu a opatrne( - tak, z(e nema' dotknout. / At( se pr(ipoutany' pes - at( je va'za'no na to, / co je spra'vne' hladovy'm - a tr(i dny postili. / Let chle'b by't proka'za'no, z(e - z da'lky at( je nazy'va'na; / Pes doinstaluje na ne(j - a root pr(esta'vce / A bude naprosty' vy'kr(ik - pes padne mrtev / Pr(es kr(ik, ktery' ho slys(el -- takovou silou, ma' tato rostlina / To nikdo nemu*z(e slys(et - ale najednou musel zemr(i't. / A kdyz( c(love(k slys(i', z(e - na mi'ste( umr(e; / Proto se musi' zastavit - jeho us(i a starat se / Z(e neslys(i' plakat - aby nezemr(el jen stejny' / Jako pes bude de(lat -- - jde-li slys(et jeho kr(ik. / Okruh: Radix Mandragore contra omnes infirmitates komorni'k. / Kdo ma' tento kor(en - to je silny' jako le'k, / U kaz(de' nemoci - mu*z(e pr(ine'st uzdraveni', / s vy'jimkou pouze pro pr(i'pad smrti - pak to nema' z(a'dnou platnost.

Guillaume le Clerc [c. 1200 CE] (Bestiaire Divin) (Pr(evzato z The Elephant ve str(edove(ky'ch Legenda a ume(ni' (Londy'n, 1919) Druce - V hlavni'm textu British Library Bavlna Vespasianus A. VII byl dodrz(en.): Mandrake je vza'cne' rostliny , nebo z(a'dne' dals(i' sve'ho druhu je, / A r(eknu va'm, z(e jeho root / C(love(k mu*z(e ude(lat mnoho le'k. / Pokud jde o kor(en s pe'c(i', / Najdete zde tvor(i' / Jako podobu c(love(ka. / Jeho ku*ra je velmi uz(itec(ne', / Je-li var(ene' ve vode( / Je spra'vne', dobre' pro mnohe' choroby. / Kdyz( toto zar(i'zeni' je tr(icet let, / Je utrhl od te(ch, kter(i' svou le'kar(skou praxi; / R(i'ka' se, z(e kdyz( je vyn(al ji / Z(e vzdechy a vy'kr(iky a pla'c(, / A pokud se ne(kdo slys(et jeji' kr(ik / Dead on bude, a pr(ijdou na z(al. / Ale ti, kter(i' trhat tak uc(init / tak moudr(e, z(e se nic zle'ho. / Kdyz( se ze zeme( je pr(evzat, / Pro mnohe', co je te(lo dobr(e; / Pokud c(love(k trpi' v hlave(, nebo v jeho te(le, ktere' by mu bolest, nebo v jeho noze nebo v ruce ; / Do tohoto za'vodu se ho vyle'c(it. / Tam, kde c(love(k by me(l ci'tit bolest / Shall dal na tom same'm mi'ste( / za'vodu, kdy i modr(iny; / A kdyz( ma' c(love(k opily' to / Konec tis(e se mu usnout / A ci'tit bolest vi'ce / Z tento za'vod, ktery' je tak silny' / Existuji' vz(dy dva druhu*; / z nich je muz(, dals(i' z(ena. / Listy obou jsou kra'sne', / samice je huste( kader(ava' / Jako divoky' sala't.

Bodleian Library MS. Bodley 764 [c. 1225-50 CE] (The Elephant ve str(edove(ky'ch Legenda a ume(ni' (Londy'n, 1919) Druce pr(eklad): 'Mandrake se tak nazy'va' proto, z(e ma' sladky'-pa'chnout ovoce velikosti Marsu jablko, a proto byl z Latiny vy'zvy z(e "zeme(-jablko." Ba'sni'ci (v ne(ktery'ch rukopisech chybne( "proroku*") vyhlas(uje tuto rostlinu "c(love(k-tvaru", protoz(e ma' kor(en pr(ipomi'naji'ci' lidske' podobe(. Ku*ra ve sme(si s vi'nem je poda'va'n jako na'poj osoba'm, jejichz( orga'ny budou provozova'ny na na vyle'c(eni', takz(e pod jeho uspa'vaci' vlivem nemohou ci'tit bolest (varianta: je poda'va'n jako na'poj v ru*zny'ch pr(i'padech nemoci. a stonku, kdyz( tr(icet let, je pec(live( shroma'z(dil pro le'c(bu mnoha sti'z(nosti'). Existuji' dva druhy te'to rostliny, z(eny s listy podobaji'ci' sala't, a produkuji'ci'ch ovoce jako s(vestky, a muz( s listy jako r(epa. ' Na'sleduje Sermo, ktera' je zaloz(ena na nara'z(ky na Mandrake v chvalozpe(vy (VII, 13) a Genesis (xxx, 14): 'V pi'sni pi'sni' neve(sty r(i'ka' Mandrake: The jabli'c(ka daly da'le ve vu*ni nas(i' bra'ny. Mandrake pro ru*znorode' pouz(iti' v medici'ne( je srovnatelna' s ctnosti svaty'ch muz(u*. Branami kostela jsou svata' le'kar(u*. V bra'ny tohoto druhu jabli'c(ka la'sky vu*ni, kdyz( duchovne( smy's(leji'ci' muz(i, vs(ichni do jednoho, se rozprchnou s(iroko daleko sla'vu jejich ctnosti'. A navi'c si lze pr(ec(i'st v Genesis, jak Ruben syn Lea vys(el na pole a zjistil, jabli'c(ka a dal je matce Leah, ktera' znamena' dobrou pove(st, kterou kaz(dy' pilny' osoba zi'ska'va' mezi muz(i z tohoto sve(ta. To mu*z(e by't pouz(ita k nas(i' matce ci'rkvi, jako apos(tol r(i'ka' jedna ma' by't vysve(cen biskupem: z(e by me(l by't dobr(e sve(dectvi' o te(ch, aniz( by, ktery', i kdyz( maji' jen maly' vzde(la'va'ni', ale obecne( bouda lesk chva'ly a za'pach z dobre' mi'ne(ni' o u'sili' te(ch, od nichz( zi'skaji' radu. '

Bartholomaea anglicus [13. stoleti'] (De proprietatibus rerum, kniha 17): [Mandragora] namoc(eny' ve spa'nku vi'ne( zpu*sobuji', a zmi'rnit nejru*zne(js(i' bolesti, a tak tu dobu c(love(k feeleth unneth kdyz( sniz(ovat, ale pr(esto Mandragora musi' by't ostraz(ity' pouz(ity: pro to slayeth kdyz( muz(i trvat mnohem jejich .... Ti, dig Mandragora by't obsazeno na pozoru pr(ed protive(try kdyz( kopat, a tr(i kruhy o s mec(em, a zu*stan( s kopa'ni' az( do za'padu slunce, a domni'vat se tak, z(e bylina s hlavni' ctnosti. (Str(edove(ke' Lore od Bartolome(je anglicus (Londy'n, 1893/1905) Steele vyda'ni' 1905)

Mandrake je obvykle zobrazen jako huminoid rostlina, ne(kdy jako maly' c(love(k s kor(eny a listy. Sce'na psa se pouz(i'va' k vykor(ene(ni' Mandrake je uveden v British Library, Harley MS 1585 (f. 57R), v British Library, Royal MS 2 B. VII (f. 119v), muz(ske' a z(enske' mandrake viset listnaty'mi metru* od lana pr(ipojeny' na psa.

KRITICKA' disertace ONTHE MANDRAKE finan ANTIENTS; S

Ne(kolik pozna'mek o egyptske', r(ecke' a r(i'mske' literatury, botaniky a medici'ny. V dopise na Fellow kolegia le'kar(u*. Admiranda canunt sed bez credenda Cato. Dvojvers(i' LONDY'N: Tis(te(ny' T. Gardner, pro W. Bickerton, na vedouci'ho lorda Bacona bez Temple Bar a na svu*j obchod na Eton College. 1737.

KRITICKA' pojedna'ni' o MANDRAKE, & c. SIR, nepr(erus(ena' Pru*be(h pr(a'telstvi', ktere' trvalo vz(dy mezi na'mi, join'd dobre' stanovisko jste ra'di, bavi' me(, da' to z my'ch sila'ch, abych si neuposlechnout pr(i'kazy: A ja' mysli'm, z(e nemu*z(eme poskytnout Du*kaz, z(e silne(js(i' vliv ma'te nade mnou, nez( v souladu se va'm me' city k Mandrake z Antients. Ale meziti'm jsem si pomoct obvin(uji' va's nepr(a'telsky' Piece of Severity, im-[4-5] pu*sobi'ci'm na me( u'kolu tak nespravedlivy', aby me' souc(asne' situace, ve ktere' jsem si ani mi't pr(i'stup ke kniha'm, ani opravdu te(s(it, z(e nepr(etrz(ity' svobodu mys(leni', ktere' sloz(itost seemsto pr(edme(tu poz(adovat. Nicme'ne(, jak vs(echny u'vahy by me(l da't na mi'sto, z(e pr(a'telstvi' se budu snaz(it uspokojit va's( poz(adavek: a pokud metoda, v ni'z( jsem se le'c(it Pr(edme(t poskytne va'm alespon( Spokojenost se mysli'm, z(e mu*j c(as velmi s(t(astne( employ'd. Nejvi'ce Antient Zarezervovat ve sve(te( je to, z(e ve Stare'm za'kone(, konzervovane' Providence zejme'na prostr(ednictvi'm se'rie nehod, ktere' zahynuly miliony, a ve(r(i'm, z(e je kvu*li ne(jake' na'ladove' Pr(edstavy o jabli'c(ka Ruben mention'd Gen . xxx. , z(e se tolik absurdni' a sme(s(ne' na'zory nebyly pr(edloz(eny v ru*zny'ch c(asovy'ch obdobi'ch ty'kaji'ci'ch se tohoto za'vodu. Ale jak, z(e historie dala z(a'dny' za'klad, na ktere'm by se vu*bec mohly budovat takove' divoke' dohady, z(e by bylo nerozumne' a nespravedlive' podezr(eni' Veracity to. ___ Mojz(i's(, nejskve(lejs(i' ze vs(ech historiku*, se ty'ka' te'to historie s Ca ndor, tak souhlasit, z(e nativni' Pu-nosti, ktere' zdobi' jeho spisy, z(e je [5] nemoz(ne' si pr(edstavit, z(e me(l nejme'ne( Design uloz(eni' na potomstvo . ___ Pokud Cheat nebo uloz(eni' tohoto kindhad jednou dostal postaveni' ve sve(te(, me(li bychom se setkali s te(z(ky'm obvine(ni'm proti ne(mu ve vs(ech spisy starove(ku, ale naopak je zr(ejma', nebot( vs(echny zmi'nky ho jako velky' spisovatel Eminence a pravdivost, nejslavne(js(i' Za'konoda'rce, a vynikaji'ci' c(love(k. † Pokud vezmeme v u'vahu, jak ma'lo vi'me, finan Staroz(itnosti te(ch na'rodu*, ktery' z(il nejbliz(s(i' Times, v ne(mz( psal Mojz(i's(, objevi' se z(a'dny' velky' za'zrak, z(e jsme dnes dokonale neznaji' pr(i'rody a druhu* rostlin, jejichz( pu*vodni' jme'no je jen ste(z(i' zna'ma. Ma'me jen ne(ktere' fragmenty Chaldaic filozofie konzervovane' v ru*zny'ch spisovatelu* a jejich botaniky, kdyby to bylo jes(te( existuje, bude s nejve(ts(i' pravde(podobnosti' na'm dovolit z(a'dne' velke' spokojenosti. Egyptske' Uc(eni' je, z(e z ne(hoz( bychom mohli oc(eka'vat, z(e nejve(ts(i' pomoc pr(i urc(ova'ni' tohoto s(etr(eni'. Starove(ku [EDGENOTE:] † Autor neni' neve(de(l, co Longinus, Apion, & c. jsem r(ekl, ale jako jejich obvine(ni' jiz( plne( odpove(de(l nejvy'znamne(js(i'ch spisovatelu*, neni' to sta'lo za to jim jde. [6-7] zmin(uje jejich Uc(i'me se s nejve(ts(i' U'cta. Macrobius r(i'ka', z(e oni byli nejvi'ce se dozve(de(l lidi' na sve(te(, a vyzy'va' je na jednom mi'ste(, Omnium Philosophi? Disciplinarum Parentes (a), a na jine'm mi'ste(, so'la conscios omniumrerum divinarum (b). Ale ten, ktery' vyvola'va' v na's nejkra'sne(js(i' Mys(lenky egyptske' literatury, je to sve(dectvi' o tom v Pi'smu, kde pro zobrazeni' moudrost Solomona je u'dajne( pr(ekonal vs(echny theChildren Moudrost Vy'chodu, a vs(ichni Moudrost Egypta. (c) Tho 'jsou dostatec(ne' sve(dectvi' o uc(eni' te(chto lidi', je zr(ejme', z(e nic z toho, z(e zu*sta'vaji' v kaz(de'm stupni spada' do te(chto Encomiums conferr'd pro ni vyply'vaji' z nejleps(i'ch spisovatelu* ve starove(ku. ___ Nevi'me nic o jejich teologie az( se potopila na nejniz(s(i' stupen( Hloupost a render'd je spravedlive( Jest a opovrz(eni' vs(ech ostatni'ch na'rodu*. R(i'm sa'm, si'dla vs(ech modla'r(stvi' a pove(ra, z(e to znamena' stanoviska svy'ch na'boz(ensky'ch obr(adech a obr(ady, ktere' Alexand. ab Alexandro na'm r(i'ka', z(e sta'ty, dokonce zaka'za'no jejich U'vod-[Endnote:] (a) V Somn. Scipion s. 74. (b) Saturnal. s. 222. (c) I King. Ch. iv. ver. 29. [7] Mong nich(a) A Fuvenal, pro zobrazeni' pohrda'ni' Stanovisko me(l sve' moudrosti ve vypla'ceni' klane(ni' se tak ni'zkou Objekt je Garlick a Cibule, adresy pak s ti'mto Satyrical Expression: O Sanctas gentis! quibus h? c nascuntur v Hortis Numina. (b) Jejich hieroglyficky' uc(eni', ktery' uc(inil tak velky' hluk ve sve(te(, je jedinou zby'vaji'ci' Du*kaz, z(e ve(da, pro ktery' byly tak neobyc(ejne( distinguish'd. Uc(ene' Pierius ma' s velkou Pracovitost a aplikace endeavour'd k obhajova'ni' Vy'znam ofthose tajemne' zastoupeni', a shroma'z(de(ny'ch v ra'mci svy'ch ne(kolika obra'zky, ktere' vs(ichni Egypt(ane' chte(l vyja'dr(it, ale i pr(es vs(echny jeho pra'ce je velmi tr(eba se oba'vat, , z(e nejvys(s(i' stupen( jejich pravde(podobnosti c(ini' pouze dohad. Pierius (c) proto zasta'va' Vs(imne(te si, z(e Mandrake repres ented Mong Egypt(ane' ospala' osoba, a milostne' lektvar. Da'le uva'di', z(e byla pouz(ita pro Hieroglyphick of Joy, a cituje Xenofo'n, ktery' ve sve' Sympo-[vysve(tlivka:] (a) Genial Dierum, Lib. 2. s. 88. (b) Satyr. vi (c) De Sacris Egypte(. Lit. Lib. 58. cap. 37, & c. [8-9] siums de(la' Socrates r(i'ci, Vinum bez alitern Merori mederi, quam Mandragora hominibus, letitiamque bez ALITER excitare, quam Olium inspersum igni flammam. Ale ten, ktery' gain'd Egypt(ane' nejuniverza'lne(js(i' Esteem byl jejich znalosti' v le'kar(stvi'. Manctho r(i'ka', z(e ne(kolik jejich prvni'ch kra'lu* z dynastie sloz(il ne(kolik knih z anatomie. __Pliny Pr(ipisuje jim Invention of Medicine, (), ktera' je jiste', z(e ve(de(l, z(e dlouho pr(edti'm, nez( r(ecky'? Sculapius, na koho z(e marne'-slavne' Lide' conferr'd cti, a podle vlastni'ch enroll'd ho mezi poc(et jejich bohu*. __ To je na tomto u'c(tu, ktery' Lactantius velmi spravedlive( odsuzuje R(ekove', kdyz( r(i'ka'? Sculapius, Quid fecit Aliud Divinis honoribus Dignum, nisi quod Sanavit Hyppolytum? (b) Diogen. Laertios r(i'ka', [pantas Anthropos aigbitios idtrois einai] (c), z(e vs(ichni Egypt(ane' Le'kar(i a Plinius na'm r(i'ka', z(e le'kar(i tohoto na'roda bylo employ'd v R(i'me(, v dobe( Claudius, vyle'c(it nemoci, ktere' do te' doby byl un-[vysve(tlivka:] (a) Hist. Nat. Lib. 29. cap. z. (b) LACT. de. FALF Player. Na'boz(enstvi'. s. ii. Cant. (c) V Vit. Platon. [9] zna'my' R(i'manu*m. (c) R(i'ka' se Mentagra, ze zpu*sobu jeho invaze, a zda' se by't stejne' s moderni'm Tetter nebo Ring-c(erv. Kings Egypta byli velci' Encouragers uc(eni', ale ti Race Ptolemean pr(ekonal vs(echny sve' pr(edchu*dce v tomto konkre'tni'm. ___ Alexandrijska' knihovna byla nejvelkolepe(js(i' pama'tni'k sve' na'klonnosti k dopisu*, a jestli to nejcenne(js(i' sbi'rku knih nebylo destroy'd od Sarace'nu*, jsme byli do te'to doby dokonale sezna'men se vs(emi vzde(la'va'ni' ve sve(te(. ___ Knihovna se skla'da' z 700.000 svazku* musi' by't obsaz(eny ves(kere' spisy, ktere' byly na'sledne( existuji'ci', a s nimi jsme ztratili, z(e sve(tlo do starove(ku, ktera' by me(la urc(it nejen to, ale mnoho jiny'ch proble'mu*, coz( je pravde(podobne', z(e bychom se ne(kdy schopen rozvinout. ___ Na'boz(enskou horlivost ti'mto barbarsky'm negramotny'ch lidi' ude(lal nenapravitelnou u'jmu Republick dopisu*. Ma' render'dour znalosti z nejstars(i'ch u'c(et ve(ci' nedokonale', nejiste' a nejasne', a byl hlavni' pr(i'c(inou [vysve(tlivka:] (c) Hist. Nat. lib. XXVI. Cap 1. [10-11] vs(e, Va's(en( a nepr(a'telstvi', ktere' trva' u Uc(ene' ve vs(ech ve(kovy'ch skupin. Pokud jde o matematicke' vzde(la'va'ni' z Egypta, to nema' by't zpochybne(na. Nejstars(i'ch r(ecky'ch spisovatelu* bezelstne( pr(iznat, z(e vs(echny tyto znalosti v geometrii, ktera' rozlila R(ecko a rende R'd je nejproslulejs(i' matematici ve sve(te( se v ru*zny'ch c(asech pr(edat jim egyptsky'ch kne(z(i'. A je pravda, z(e prokazatelne( R(ecku byl poplatny' jiny'ch na'rodu* pro vs(echny, z(e znalosti, ktere' po r(adu let de(lal to sce'na a divadlo pro ve(dy a ume(ni'. ___ To je z tohoto zdroje, ktere' musi'me odvodit vs(echny moz(ne' ilustrovat, z(e souc(asny' Pr(edme(t, R(ekove' je jediny'm WRIters nyni' zby'vaji'ci', ktere' na'm zanechal jake'koli u'c(et Mandrake. Pr(esto uva'z(i'me-li, jak dlouho to bylo pr(ed ti'm zdvor(ily' na'rod se z(a'dne' pr(ijatelne' Pokroky v dopisech, objevi' se zr(ejme', z(e svu*j u'r(ad sama o sobe( nestac(i' k urc(eni' bodu. Nicme'ne( my se va'm u'c(et jejich Botanick spisovatelu*, a aby tyto pr(ipomi'nky z nich podle povahy pr(edme(tu Zda' se, z(e vyz(aduji'. Pojd(me tedy zac(i't s jejich nejstars(i' ba'sni'k Orpheus, koho Eusebius de(la' cotemporary s Gedeon, soudce Izrael [11] (). Tento muz( je oslavova'n pr(es starove(k pro sve' mimor(a'dne' schopnosti v poezii a Musick, a proto se r(i'ka', z(e se pr(esunul nejen muz(i a zvi'r(ata, ale i velmi Stones sami. Horace zmin(uje se o jeho Excelence v ne(m, kdyz( r(i'ka', Unde Vocalem temere insecut?. Orphea Sylv?. Arte fakta Materna morantem Fluminum Lapsus, celeresque Ventos, Blandum et auritas fidebus canoris, Ducere quercus (b) Pausanias (c), Diodo'ros Sicilsky' a dals(i' (d) expresly r(i'ci, z(e on cestoval do Egypta, a vyvedl odtud vs(echny ty obr(ady a pove(ry, ktere' pote' rozlila R(ecko. Aristofanes Bavic( Orfeus zmin(uje jako prvni', kdo uc(il R(ekove' zdrz(et se zabi'jeni' bestii', a pouc(il je v jejich na'boz(ensky'ch obr(adech. Orphus Medgar teletas themin? Atedixe, fonon t 'apechesthai] Equidem Orpheus ritusme Docuit & c? Dibus abstinuisse. (e) Tato doktri'na bezpochyby Orpheus learn'd od Egypt(anu*, be(hem sve'ho pobytu [vysve(tlivka:] (a) Pr? PARAT. Evangelium. lib. I. (b) Od. XII. lib. I. (c) v podkrovi'. (d) Diod. Sic. lib. iv. (e) [pozna'mka pod c(arou v r(ec(tine(]. Act.iv. Scen. 2. [12-13] mezi nimi, a je na prvni' za'znam, ktery' se doporuc(uje stejne' pro praxi svy'ch spoluobc(anu*, kter(i' podle stare'ho zvyku ucti'vali sve' bohy se vs(emi druhy obe(ti'. Star(i' Egypt(ane' byli vi'te, odpor ke krvave' obe(ti, a nemu*z(e by't nikdy induc'd sledovat praxe jiny'ch na'rodu*, v tomto bode(, tho 'mnohe' pokusy byly ze strany Ptolemies pr(edstavit, z(e mezi nimi. Ucti'vali sve' bohy, jak uva'di' Macrobius Precibus & Thure so'lo, pouze s jejich modlitby a kadidlo. (a) Orfeus je nejen zna'my' ve starove(ku pro zava'de(ni' nove' obr(ady a obr(ady v ucti'va'ni' bohu*, ale co je nejvi'ce pro nas(e u'c(ely, je pry' prvni', kdo psal o ctnosti rostlin. Plinius r(i'ka', z(e on byl Primus Omnium quos Memoria novit, qui de herbis curiosius aliqua Prodidit. (b) Pokud vs(ak Le Clerc (c) Plinius uva'di', z(e v tomto mi'ste(, neznamena' to znamenat, z(e Orfeus pr(edvola'ni' s Pr(esnost a rozsudek, ale spi's(e naznac(uje, z(e psal mnoz(stvi' pove(ra, aby [vysve(tlivka:] () Saturnal lib. Prim. Cap. 7. (b) Hist. Nat. lib. XXV. Cap. 2. (c) Hist. de la Medicin. Cap. 24. [13], ktere' Genius te(ch c(asny'ch c(asu*, extreamly byl za'visly', a ma'me du*vod k u've(ru*m to dohad, protoz(e Pausanias na's informuje, z(e Orfeus pass'd pro velky' ma'g (a). Tam jsou ne(ktere' kusy ascrib'd k ne(mu jes(te( existuji'ci', z nichz( pan Le Clerc ma' citoval ne(kolik pasa'z(i' ty'kaji'ci'ch se ctnosti' ne(ktery'ch rostlin a Cure jednotlivy'ch onemocne(ni'ch: Ale my jsme uz( da'vno v plne'm rozsahu, z(e tyto assur'd a jine' takove' skladby, jako jsou podvrz(ene', tho 'jsou velmi stare', jsou ascrib'd k ne(mu v dobe( Cicero, otcove', kter(i' je na Cercops. A ma'me u'r(adu Aristotela na nas(i' strane(, kdo r(i'ka', z(e to bylo vs(eobecne( believ'd ve sve' dobe( to, z(e neexistuje z(a'dny' z jeho skutec(ne'ho Spisy ve sve(te(. Dals(i' starove(ky' spisovatel botaniky po Orpheus byl jeho Scholar Mus? Na's, ktere' ne(kter(i' autor(i budou muset by't jeho Synu. (b) Aristofane's v mi'ste(, ktere' jiz( mention'd pr(ipisuje k ne(mu, o opravny'ch prostr(edci'ch vy'uky Muz(i nemocemi, a Plinius zmin(uje ho Hesiod k oslava'm POLION of the Ancients. (e). ___ Homer se take' na mnoha mi'stech jeho le'c(be( Poem-[vysve(tlivka:] (a) V Eliac. (b) [pozna'mka pod c(arou v r(ec(tine(] (c) Hist. Nat lib. XXV. Cap. z. [14-15] ed pr(i'rody rostlin a popisuje s velkou pr(esnosti' r(ecky' hrdinove' spra'vne'ho pouz(i'va'ni' na'pravny'ch opatr(eni' Wounds jejich na'sledovni'ku* a zejme'na zmin(uje jako Molly U'c(inny' proti Inchantments Konzervac(ni' a Savin jako kapacitu ble zpu*sobit neplodnost . Je pravda, Homer napsal nic professedly na toto te'ma, ale jako ba'sni'k pr(ina's(i' tyto ve(ci obc(as do te(la jeho ba'sen(, aby bylo moz(ne' popsat zpu*soby a zvyky z te(ch da'vny'ch c(asu*. Dals(i' vy'znamni' osoba, ktera' tvrdi', mi'sto je zde Pythagoras, ktere' r(i'ka', z(e Plinius byl prvni', qui Volumen de earum effectu composuit. (a) tohoto filozofa byla zr(ejme( velmi zvi'dava' osoba, a ra'd kaz(dou pr(i'lez(itost k tomu, aby sve' znalosti univerza'lni'. S ti'mto Design on travell'd do Egypta (b) Si'dlo ve(d a ume(ni', a tam pokyn sa'm ve vs(ech svy'ch Mysteries.___He convers'd take' s Magi, od ni'z( se zda', z(e borrow'd manyof sve' na'zory. ___ Pokud jde o jeho znalosti v Physick, z(e neni' tr(eba, ale pochyboval, z(e deriv'd, z(e intirely od Egypt(anu*, [vysve(tlivka:] (a) Hist. Nat. lib. XXV. Cap. 2. (b) Diog. Laer. Vita v Pythag. [15], kter(i' byli pr(edevs(i'm slavny' jejich extraoardinary Skill ne(m. Ale pokud mu*z(eme soudit na rozsah jeho znalosti' v Physick male' fragmenty, ktere' pr(etrva'vaji', tam bude z(a'dny' velky' du*vod obdivovat ho pokrok ude(lal v ni'. Neexistuje z(a'dna' ve(c, ktera' evidentne( vi'ce shews hrube' Pove(ra o le'kar(u* v one(ch da'vny'ch ve(ku*, nez( Pr(edstavy tohoto filosofa, z nichz( ne(ktere' jsou va'm zde da'va'm slovy Laertios. (a) r(i'ka', [k de spth?a einai zagthna egnephali] & c. Sperma esse cerebri Stillam, qu? se v calidum contineat vaporem. H? C vero du*m infunditur Utero, ex Cerebro Saniem et humorem Sanguinemq. profluere. Ex quibus, Caro Nervi Ossa, pili totumq. consistat Korpus: Ex eo autem vapore, Sensum atque animum constare. A kdyz( uz( mluvi'me o formova'ni' Fetus, on prohlas(uje, z(e se stal pevny' za 40 dni', ale jedena'ct, nebo deve(t, c(i obecne(ji, deset me(si'cu*, podle jednaci'ho Harmony bylo nezbytne', aby Fetus intirely compleat. (b) Pokud jde o pr(i'c(iny temperovy'ch barev, bez ptani' se nauc(il vs(echno, co ma' [vysve(tlivka:] (a) v Vit. Pythag. (b) ib. [16-17] r(ekl, ktere' se jich ty'kaji' ze stejne'ho Masters, jeho Pojmy v tomto bode( jsou stejne( sme(s(ne' s ostatni'mi. R(i'ka', z(e Air fill'd s dus(i', de'monu* a hrdinove', ktere' posi'laji' Dreams, Signs, a nemoci', aby muz(i i zvi'r(ata, a z(e je na jejich u'c(et, z(e lustrace a Expiations jsou preform'd. () vs(ak tho 'Pythagoras Zda' se, z(e jen ma'lo skutec(ne' znalosti Physick, Cornelius Celsus zmin(uje ho se cti', a r(i'ka', z(e on a jeho uc(enci byli prvni', ktera' pr(inesla do Physick uvaz(ova'ni', a dodala, z(e c(a'st ji' zavolat 'd Phyhology, ktery' pojedna'va' o lidske' te(lo v ne(kolika jeji'ch c(a'sti', a vu*bec se vztahuje k ni' (b). Plinius (c), jehoz( u'r(ad v tomto ohledu nemu*z(e by't dobr(e question'd, r(i'ka', z(e Pythagoras compos'd kniha o Magical Vertues rostlin, ktere' podle ne(j byla pr(ipisova'na ne(ktery'mi Cleemporus le'kar(. (c) [vysve(tlivka:] () totum Aera ple'num esse eosque & D? Mones, & Heroes existimari, atque ab jeho Hominibus immmitti Som-sku & Signa atque Morbos, neque Solum hominibus, ve-rum & Pecudi autobusem ac Jumentis reliquis : atque ad hos re-Ferri Lustrationes & Expiationes, Divinationem omnem, Vaticinia & & c? tera id rod, Diog. Laert. Vit. Pythag. (b) De Re Medica. LLB. i. (c) Hist Nat. lib. xxiv. Cap. 17. [17] Take' se ty'ka' ne(ktery'ch mimor(a'dny'ch Powers pr(ipsal ne(ktere' rostliny Pythagoras sa'm, a zejme'na zmin(uje Coriacesia, Callicea dve( rostliny schopne' ota'c(et vody do ledu, a take' Corinthas a Aproxis, jako by'valy' U'c(inny' le'k na Bite na hada, a ten je pozoruhodne' podpal ohne( na znac(ne' vzda'lenosti, jako Nafta nebo Babylonsky' asfalt. (a) Jake' jsou tyto rostliny nevi'me, ani neni' snadne' vytvor(it dohady o nich, nebot( ztratil ves(kere' znalosti pove(rc(ive' uc(eni' tr(i' kra'lu*, z nichz( je zr(ejme', na's( filozof uc(il vs(echno, co vi' o Magical Ctnosti rostlin. Podle jehoers jsou zaznamena'ny ve starove(ku ke vstupu do Magic Physick; Di'ogene's Laertios ma' soudni' pr(i'kaz svy'mi z(ivoty, koho chcete-li poradit najdete mnohem vi'ce o theirMedicine v z(ivote( Empedokles nejvi'ce emmient vs(ech jeho uc(enci. Pythagoras, je r(ekl, aby byl prvni', kdo confer'd na Mandrake jme'no Anthropomorphon, ale na to, co nadace nevi'me. Pr(esto jsem pr(esve(dc(en, z(e je na jeho u'r(ad sa'm, z(e tato [Endnote:] (a) Hist. Nat. lib. xxiv. cap. 17. [18-19] Poc(et podivne' domy's(livosti byly v souc(asne' dobe( o ni' souviseji'ci'ch, a se vs(i' pravde(podobnosti' porodila, z(e spolec(ny' postup, ktery'm se ukla'da' na Ignorant Briony a dals(i' Roots sni'z(it o ume(ni' do takove' Form: A neni' pochyb o tom, jabli'c(ka ted( v Londy'ne(, jsou takove' dareba'cky' kus podvod, protoz(e jsme si jisti, z(e Mandrake nema' ve(ts(i' hlava, z(e z Anthropomorphon, nez( be(z(ne' Mrkev a Pastina'k sety' nebo jake'koli jine' zar(i'zeni', jehoz( kor(en je rozve(tvil. Po Pythagoras a jeho z(a'ci pr(icha'zi' Demokritos, ktery' stra'vil sve' Estate v cestova'ni' vide(t nejvi'ce uc(eny'ch muz(u*, a pouc(it se ve vs(ech zve(davy' uc(eni' Vy'chodu, compos'd Bookon Druh zeleniny, coz( je o deset zmi'nka ' d o Plinius, a censur'd od ne(ho, z(e obsahuji' velmi monstro'zni' a neuve(r(itelne' pr(i'be(hy. (a) tohoto autora v jine'm mi'ste(, (b) da'va' na'm Odstrane(ni' nebo Sloz(eni' Demokritos je mi't pe(t de(ti'. Je sloz(ena z borovice-bruis'd jablka s medem, Myrha, S(afra'n a Palm vi'na, pote' pr(idat Simple, ktery' on vola' [vysve(tlivka:] (a) Hist. Nat. lib. XXV. cap. 2. (b) Hist. Nat. lib. xxiv. cap. 17. [19] () Theombrotion a mle'ko. Z te(chto a dals(i'ch ve(ci' souviseji'ci'ch s ti'm, Plinius, je zr(ejme', z(e spisy Demokritos byly plne' takove' malic(kosti a sme(s(ne' pr(i'be(hy, a zda' se, dali si trochu poti'z(e pr(i zkouma'ni' do pr(irozene' vlastnosti zeleniny. Nicme'ne( mnoho vy'znamny'ch spisovatelu* zmi'nit jeho jme'no se cti'. Petronius r(i'ka', z(e vyta'hl s(t(a'vy z nejru*zne(js(i'ch bylin, a stra'vil z(ivot v procesu Experimenty na kameny a rostliny, (b) a Celsus mu r(i'ka', Vir iure Magni Nominis, (c) osoba, ktera' se zaslouz(ene( velky' Repu ne'ho . Di'ogene's Laertios na'm dal na'zvy ne(kolika jeho knih o filozofii, Physick, a geometrie, ktere' jsou nyni' ztraceny. ___ Existuje jes(te( existuji'ci' ne(ktere' kusy ty'kaji'ci' se pr(i'rodni'ch Magick ascrib'd k ne(mu, ale oni jsou vs(eobecne( look'd ji' jako podvrz(eny'. [Vysve(tlivka:] (a) Caussinus r(i'ka', z(e tento za'vod je call'd Semnion potenti? majestate, z(e to bylo c(asto jedi' podle Kings of Persia proti vs(em Onemocne(ni' te(la a nemoci' z mysli, a z(e je z ve(ts(iny vu*ni' Vu*ne(. De Symbol. ? gypt. Scient. lib. 594 xp. (b) Herbarum Omnium Succos expressit, & ne Lapidum Virgultorumq. vis lateret,? tatem mimo Experimenta consumpfit. Petron. v Satyra. (c) De re Medic. lib. i. C 2 [20-21] dals(i' Writer jsme zmi'nit jako vhodne' pro na's( u'c(el je Aristoteles, ktery' flourish'd nad 350 let pr(ed Kristem. Byl to velmi vy'znamny'ch lidi', a z(e prostr(ednictvi'm sve'ho Scholar Alexandra Velike'ho, vi'ce pr(i'lez(itosti', nez( jaky'koli c(love(k hleda' do pr(i'rody na zeleninu. Byl supply'd vs(ech inscenaci' v Aha na znac(ne' Expence (a) a bezpochyby se mnoho kuriozit Ob-servations o povaze rostlin, ale kdyz( ma' consider'd jich vi'ce jako filozof, nez( jsme le'kar(e nemu*z(e oc(eka'vat z(a'dne' velke' ve(ci z psani' tohoto vy'znamny'ch Autor, i kdyz( jsme jim intire. Vs(eho, co o pr(edvola'ni' Rostliny existuji' pouze dve( knihy zu*stanou-ing, ktere' nespln(uji' uvedene' Pr(esnost Pr(esnost a ve ktery'ch se da' du*vodne( pr(edpokla'dat, Aristoteles nechal. ___ Maji' pass'd tolik Pr(eklady, suffer'd tolik znac(ny'ch zme(n, Thro 'Neznalost a puntic(ka'r(stvi' jejich Opisovac(i, z(e nesmi'te oc(eka'vat, z(e ke splne(ni' vtip znalosti a pr(esne' Rozsudek Macrobius nichz( jedna r(i'ka', z(e neve(de(l, nic . (b) [vysve(tlivka:] (a) Plin. Hist. lib. viii. cap. 16. (b) videtur mne vir tantus ignorare potuisse. InSomnium Scipion. s. 146. [21] Vi's( moc dobr(e, jak c(love(klez(el roky y Di'la tohoto filosofa bury'd pod zemi', a to, co oni Zrane(ni' suffer'd touto cestou. Proto to je to, z(e se hemz(i' mnoha rozporu* a obti'z(i', ktere' se perplex'd sve' c(tena'r(e dodnes, a z te(chto du*vodu* je, z(e ne(kter(i' muz(i se nauc(ili ascrib'd tuto pra'ci Aristotela k jeho uc(enec Theofrastos, ktery' je pra'vem cenzuru ' d pro jeho du*ve(r(ivost v pr(ipisova'ni' ctnosti rostlin na magickou moc. (a) Aristoteles succeds jeho uc(enec Theofrastos, ktery' ma' velky' Ecomiums conferr'd, ktere' mu Ancients. (b) Plinius nazy'va' jej hominem v Eloquentia tantumut inde nomen divinum invenerit a Alexander ab Alexandro r(i'ka', z(e on byl Vir pr? stabeli Sapientia, & in Rebus Physicis & Mathemaricis Magna Doctrina & Estimatione. (c) He w rote deset knih o rostliny, ktere' pr(icha'zeji' do nas(ich ruka'ch, ale kdyz( to povaz(uje hlavne( jako pr(i'rodove(dec s ohledem na jejich ru*st, ukonc(eni' a di'ly c(ehoz( je tvor(i', nebude [vysve(tlivka:] ( a) Gesner. Bibliothec. (b) Hist. Nat. v prefat. ad Vespasianus. (c) Genial. Dierum. lib. ii. p, 80. [22-23] velke' nadace na vybudova'ni' trvale'ho na'stavba, na nichz( ma' r(ekl Mandrake. Existuji' pouze c(tyr(i mi'sta ve sve' Historia Plantarum, kde je zmi'nka o tomto zar(i'zeni', av jednom jen za le'c(ive' vlastnosti je, Leaves jako le'k na vr(edy a Roots pla'tky a zbili s Ocet jako uz(itec(ne' Nemoci kloubu*, aby nakoupil spa'nku, a ma' by't uveden do na'poje la'sky (a) Na jiny'ch mi'stech, on popi's(e tohoto za'vodu, ale velmi inacurately, ale pr(edevs(i'm bere ozna'meni' o ne(jake' pove(rc(ive' obr(ady ktery' byl zvykly' by't v te' dobe( perform'd shromaz(d(ova'ni' nebo r(eza'ni' to. (b) Tato slavnost je pr(i'lis( pozoruhodna' nehodne' mi'sto zde, a je na'sleduji'ci': Mandrake byl circumscrib'd tr(ikra't s mec(em, zati'mco jiny' jej porazit sme(rem na za'pad. Oni byli take' k tanci kolem ne(j, a mluvit mnoho ve(ci' [peri aphodision]. Nicme'ne( musi'me uznat, z(e Theo-[vysve(tlivka:] () [pozna'mka pod c(arou v r(ec(tine(]. Hist. Plant. Lib. IX. cap. 10. (b) Lib. IX. kap. ix. sub sinem, [Pozna'mka pod c(arou v r(ec(tine(] [23] phrastus zdaleka neni' poskytova'ni' u've(ru suchidle domy's(livosti, a jasne( na'm r(i'ka', z(e vypra'vi' jim jako takova', ale je to velice pr(esve(dc(ivy' du*kaz, z(e Botanika te' doby byl zcela postaven na Magical whimsies. Je pravda, nas(e Autor v mi'ste( jiz( citovany' tvrdi' U'c(innost Mandrake pr(i zada'va'ni' ver(ejny'ch zaka'zek v rez(imu spa'nku a jako nezbytnou sloz(kou vs(ech Philtres nebo na'poje la'sky. Du*vod, co Antikove' me(li pr(edstavit, z(e listy nebo kor(eny tohoto za'vodu bylo opravdu nutne' v takove' situaci, neni' kde se nacha'zi' mezi sve' spisy, ale jako R(ekove', kter(i' jsou jen lide', ktere' na'm zanechaly jaky'koli u'c(et jabli'c(ka, reciev'd vs(ech svy'ch le'kar(sky'ch znalosti' z nejvi'ce phantastical na'rod na sve(te(, mu*z(eme du*vodne( pr(edpokla'dat, z(e tento pojem byl deriv'd ze stejne'ho fonta'na. Theophrastus je prvni' spisovatel, ktery' ma' tyto vlastnosti ascrib'd na Mandrake a byly od te' doby continu'd jeho na'stupci v botaniky na jeho u'r(ad sa'm, jes(te( mnoho dals(i'ch, ktere' byly pr(ida'ny do Dioscorides jejichz( u'c(tu Mandrake va's viz, a ti'm, jak daleko u'r(adu Theoprastus je dostatec(ne' pro urc(eni' ve(ci pr(iznat, [24-25] pr(ipustit ne(jake' r(es(eni', z(e c(a'st jeho spisu* je nyni' ztracena, ktere' by byly znac(ne' sluz(by pr(i u'prave( Obti'z(nost: Krome( toho je zr(ejme', z(e jeho Historia Plantarum neni' totoz(ny' s ti'm, render'd Theopharastus tak vs(eobecne( esteem'd vs(ech spisovatelu* ve starove(ku. ___ Zrane(ni' c(asu a Neznalost Opisovac(i nechat v nespoc(etny'ch Chyby v te'to knize, kterou slavny' Daniel Heinsius ma' s velkou Rozsudek endeavour'd ke zme(ne( v jeho komplikovane' Edition Theophrastus. ___ Vs(e, co lze na establish'd u'r(adu Theophrastus je to, z(e Mandrake ve sve' dobe( byl obvykle pouz(i'va' pro tyto u'c(ely jiz( mention'd a zaloz(ena na nic leps(i'ho, nez( z(e nadace tradice minulosti. Posledni' z r(ecke' spisovatelu* musi'me konzultovat v tomto bode( je Dioscorides kdo byl le'kar( na Kleopatru, velka' kra'lovna Egypta. (a) Nechal na's s(est knih o Materia Medica, wherein on [vysve(tlivka:] (Salmasius) Tho 'odporuje tomuto stanovisku, z(e je dobry' du*vod se domni'vat, z(e ma' carry'd bod pr(i'lis( daleko, neni' z(a'dne' jine' Nadace na pod-poru jeho hypote'za, nez( je zaloz(en na stanovisku, z(e me(l na Upr(i'mnost Pliny. [25] vydal zvla's(tni' Vztah vs(ech ctnosti' ascrib'd na Mandrake v jeho ty'mu. Jeho kniha neni' bez velmi pal-pable chyby, mnoho z nich byly upraveny na za'klade( jeho Komenta'tor Mathiolus, ale at( to bude jak to bude, jsme si jisti jednou ve(ci', z(e je prvni' starove(ke' Writer, z(e nyni' ma'me, z(e se ex professo vyjmenoval ne(kolik ctnosti' tohoto za'vodu, a mysli'm, z(e je na jeho u'r(adu hlavne(, z(e stejne' byly i nada'le, alespon( ascrib'd k ne(mu mnoho Botanick spisovatelu* od jeho c(asu. Dioscorides u'c(et, ktery' na'm da'va' ze Mandrake je na'sleduji'ci'. "Mandragoram, aliqui Antimalum, alii Circ? Jsem vocant, pone(vadz( videatur" Radix ad Amatoria conducere. Duo ejus rody: Niger qu? f? mina "existimatur, Thridacias appellatus, angustiorib na's foliis, ac-Minor" ibus quam Lactuc?, viro'zy ac graveolentibus in terra Sparsis, "Mala' gerit Sorbis Similia, pallida, vonne', v quibus Sperma veluti" Pyrorum: Radicibus inherit bene Magnis , binis ternisve interse convolutis, "nigris FORIS, intus Albis, crasso cortice vestitus, caule viduus est." ___ Alter candidus mas qui dicitur, nonnullis Norion Vocitatus: "Hujus Folia magna, alba l? ta, l? pr(es ut sa'zka? . [26-27] "Bet?. Mala' quam alterius duplo pysky, colore v Crocum inclinante, (a) jucunde cum ti'hnou quadam olentia usna's(eni'schopna' Pomorum cibo Opiliones aliquantum Soporantur. Radix alterius similis, hlavni' & candidior, orbata et h? C caule. "(B) Tato Popis Dioscorides Mandrake se zda' by't velmi plne' a u'plne' a opravy rodu, do ni'z( patr(i' spra'vne(, tho najdu pan Ray, aniz( dostatec(ne' nadace zme(nila sve' mi'sto, a transplantovane' to patr(i' k bobulnaty' druhu. (c) Urc(ite( existuje velmi vy'razny' rozdi'l tr(eba mezi Rostliny Pomiferous a bobulnaty' druhu, jeden s Plody velmi velke', a dals(i' velmi male' velikosti. ___ Je pravda, pan Ray uzna'va', z(e tam jsou ne(ktere' z nich dost velky', a to zejme'na zmin(uje Jablko amoris a Mala' Insana jako takove'. Ale Mandrake na Discorides je zr(ejme( z Pomiferous druhu, a me(l by restor'd se pro tento druh, na ne(z( se [vysve(tlivka:] () Tady Ruellius ma' render'd Dioscorides v rozporu s ti'm, z(e pr(ekla'da' se slovem [en o'da] v tomto smyslu, ktere' by musely by't pr(eloz(eny Celek whiche? v Sloz(eni' c(asto oznac(uje. (b) Lib. IV. Cap. Upravit. Ruellian. (c) Hist. rostlin. Lib. xiii. Cap. 16 [27]. vi'ce spra'vne( patr(i', jako pozorova'ni' pana Raye o ru*zny'ch dispozic Ku*ra se nezda' by't univerza'lne( platne', tho bylo na tomto u'c(tu, ktery' byl vedl umi'stit tento za'vod patr(i' k bobulnaty' druhu. Dioscorides, ktere' maji' v tomto pr(esne( describ'd Muz( a z(ena Mandrake, da'le vy'c(et jejich ctnosti, z nichz( dal velky' u'c(et, a to je zjevne( shews byl rostlin obecne'ho uz(i'va'ni' mezi Medicine of the Ancients, tho souc(asne' praxi nic nevi' o tom. Nas(e Autor jako follow'd Theophrastus v pr(ipisuje Mandrake Narcotick kvality, a na'm r(i'ka', z(e s(t(a'va z toho boil'd s vi'nem byla v us'd tvrdohlavy' Watchfulnes a otupit pocit bolesti v Amputace podle stupifying pacienta. ___ ve(r(i'm, z(e je na jejich u'r(ad, z(e starove(ky'ch spisovatelu* v botaniky se te'me(r( jednomyslne( shodla na umi'ste(ni' mezi Mandrake Poc(et Soporiferous Remedies. Pr(esto jsem zjistila, z(e slavny' Lync? na's, profesor botaniky v R(i'me(, ji'st velke' Mandrake v pr(i'tomnosti c(etny'ch diva'ku*, aniz( by alespon( dispos'd spa't. stejne' Experiment byl pozde(ji c(asto try'd do [28-29] Terrentius se stejny'm u'spe(chem. () a my are pretty sure by the Description he has given of the Mandrake he eat, that it was the same with that describ'd by Dioscorides. But perhaps one may object that the Difference of the Climate might have occasion'd the Loss of its narcotick Qualities. It must be granted that different Digrees of heat will very considerably heighten or abate the Virtues of Plants, yet I can't think this Objection will prove of great Force in the persent Case, as some late Experiments and Observations on the Nature of Vegitables are incontestable Proofs of the contrary. ___ I am rather inclin'd to believe that Dio- Scorides was ignorant of the true Virtues of this Plant, and mention'd its narcotick Qualities in Compliance to current Tradition, not as a Truth to which he himself gave any Manner of Credit. If we allow the Mandrake to be such a powerful Narcotick as to deaden Pain and stupify the Senses according to Dioscorides, it will appear very strange that Rachel should so eagerly importune Leah for a Plant that would have prov'd of per- nicious Consequence to her. ___ Give [ENDNOTE:] (a) Terrent, Not, in Hernand. de Plant. Mexican. Lib. viii. Cap. 28. [29] me I pray thee of thy Sons Mandrakes. (a)Here Rachel asks them with a kind of Impatience and Desire, like one who is extravagantly fond and eagerly covetous of satiating his Appetite with some delicious Morsel. Dioscorides also ascribes an Emetic Property to the Mandrake, and says that one Scruple of the Juice, will like Hellibor bring up by Vomit black Bile and viscid Humours, and that it will kill in greater Quantities. (b) ___ If so small a Quan- tity of the Juice of this Plant is capable of producing such surprising Effects, it is something strange that the Eastern Nations should account it among the Number of their most delicious Fruits, as it appears to be in the Case of Rachel just now mention'd. ___ But as we have only the Authority of Dioscorides in this Point there is great Reason to question its Veracity, and may possibly be one of those tradio- nary Virtues ascrib'd to it in his time, which his Observations could not then perhaps contradict. You know that Dioscorides is not the only Writer on the Materia Medica, who [ENDNOTE:] (a) Gen. Ch. xxx. v. 14. &c. (b) Succus duobus obolis ex Mulso potus ut Veratrum, per Vomitiones, bilem atram, Pituitam extrahit : verum potu largiore Vita adimitur. 16. [30-31] may be justly censur'd for the Crime of Credulity. It is a Vice that has spread it self far and near, and got such deep Root among the Writers of this Class, that it is a very common thing with them to ascribe innumerable Virtues to Plants, which after repeated Trials have been found absolutely false. However, I must say that I know of no modern Writer whatsoever that has been so credulous as to follow Dioscorides in this Point, tho they have been too ready to copy after him in many other. Among other Virtues ascrib'd to the Mandrake by our Author there is one, which has always been allow'd ; that is, of being a great Cooler, for which Reason the College have very wisely given it a Place in the Ungent Populneum of the Shops, and Dioscorides tells us that it was of frequent Use in Inflammations of the Eryhpilatous kind, for which he commends it as an excellent Remedy, and is no doubt as suitable a Medicine in these Cases as the Housleek and Cream of the present Age.a) Having in this cursory Manner examin'd the Grecian Writers of Botany, and after all our Labour found nothing upon which [ENDNOTE:] (a) Ib. [31] we can build any tolerable Superstructure; it remains that we should search into other channels for the Discovery of the Point in Question. ___ If Greece, Polite Greece, once the Scene and Theatre of all the Learning in the World, is unable to supply us with proper Materials to ground our Enquiries upon, where are we to ex- pect them? ___ The Romans who engross'd all the Learning of that Nation, were for many Years after the building of their City, so intent about the Affairs of Government, that they gave themselves no Time to study the Politer Sciences of Grecee. ___ Their Government was founded upon Violence, and requir'd another kind of Knowledge to support it. ___The Studies and Employments of that warlike People, consisted in Fighting and Routing their Enemies. Ovid frankly confesseth the Aversion of his Country-men to Letters, and gives us a beautiful Description of the Characters of his Ancestors in the following Lines. Qui bene pugnavit, Romanas noverat Artes Mittere qui potuit Pila, disertus erat. (a) [ENDNOTE:] (a) Fast. Lib. iii. v. 203. Besides, [32-33] Besides, it is evident from Pliny that the most rigid and severe among the Ro- mans were really afraid of the Grecian Arts. ___ They thought that they would let in Luxury and Effeminacy among them, corrupt the Manners of their Youth, and impair that Strictness of Virtue, and Severity of Morals, to which they ow'd the Extent of their Conquests. ___ Cato the Elder declaims bitterly against the Grecian Letters, and tells his Country-men that whenever they are introduc'd, they will spoil and corrupt all, (a) therefore advises his Son Marcus only to look into the Grecian Letters, but not to learn them. (b)This rigid old Roman had contracted so strong an Aversion to the Learning of Greece, that he even extended it so far as to caution his Country-men against the Admission of Grecian Physicians into the Common Wealth, and in order to gain his Point with as little Opposition as possi- ble, had barely propagated a Report that [ENDNOTE:] (a) Quandocunq. ista Gens suas literas dabit omnia corrumpet. Plin. Hist. Lib. xxix. Cap I. (b) Bonum sit eorum Literas insoicere non perdiscere Plin. ib. [33] they had sworn to kill all the Romans with their Medicine. (a) But tho Cato was at first thus strangely prejudic'd against the Learning of Greece, we are assur'd by Quintilian that he learn'd Greek in his old Age, (b) and Lord Bacon very jsutly calls it a Judgement upon him for his former Blasphemy. (c) The Romans had for many Years no Knowledge of the true Art of Healing. ?? Their Medicine consisted of Charms and Fascinations, Incantations and Amulets. We have still remaining a very remarkable Instance of the state of Physick among the Romans in that famous Book of Cato's de re Rustica, which is also an irrefraga- ble Proof of the gross Superstition and Ignorance of these times. ___ This great Patriot in order to render himself in all manner of ways serviceable to the Com- mon wealth, compos'd a Treatise of Physick for the Benefit of himself and Family, in which he recommends the constant Repetition of these Words fro the Cure of a Luxation ; Motas, v?ta, daries dardaries, dissunapiter usq. dum coeant. In [ENDNOTE:] (a) Jurarunt inter se Barbaros necare omnes Medicina. Plin. Hist. Nat. Lib. xxix. Cap. I. (b) Inst. Lib. xii. Cap. I I. (c) Advancement of Learning, Book I. [34-35] a Fracture he would have the Limb bound up, and the following Words sung every Day. Huat hanat, ista, pista, fista, dominabo, damnastra, & Luxata. The other part of his Practice seems as extraordinary as the former ; for he blames Diet, and Abstinence in Diseases, and upon every Occasion prescribes, Pidgeons, Ducks and Hare's Flesh, because easy of Digestion, but adds, that they are apt to make the sick Man dream. (a) Pliny says that he liv'd to the Age of 85, (b) and Plutarch, who has no great Opinion of his Medicine, says that his long Life was intirely owing to a Course of Exercise and Temperance, and very justly laughs at those who would ascribe it to his skill in Physick. (c) If the grave Cato, whom Pliny distinguishes with the Title of Omnium honarum Artium Magister, (d) makes so ridiculous a Figure in the Art of Healing, what must we expect amongst his Contemporaries, who had neither his Masculine Parts, nor the same Opportunities of examining ito the truth of things? The only Botanick Writers among the Romans, as appears from Pliny, (e) were [ENDNOTE:] (a) Cat. de re Rustica, Cap. 60. (b) Hist. Nat. Lib. xxix. Cap. I. (c) In Vit. Caton. (d) Hist. Nat. Lib. xxv. Cap. 2. (e) Ib. [35] Cato, C. Valgius, and Lenaus, Pompey's Freed-Man. As to the Writings of Cato I refer you to his Book de re Rustica, and to Pliny who cites his Opinions in many Places of his Natural History. What Valgius did towards the Improvement of Botany we can't certainly judge at this distance of time, but if Pliny may be cre- dited, there is good Reason to think that he carry'd his Knowledge therein to no great Perfection : Lenus was a Man of great Eminence, and a learn'd Gram- marian. He was employ'd by Pompey the Great to translate the Writings of Mithri- dates King of Pontus,who had made Physick his chief Study the greater part of his Life, in which he made so great Progress, that Pliny remarks, that the Con- quest of this Prince did not only serve to aggrandize the Roman Name, but to preserve their Health and Lives; (a) and in particular takes Notice that till then the Ro- mans had no Knowledge of this Science.(b) ___ If it was so late before the Romans apply'd themselves to the Study of Medicine it is no wonder that we find not the least Mention in all their Writings of this [ENDNOTE:] (a) Vit?que ita prosuit non minus quam Reipubl. Victoria illa. Hist. Nat. Lib. xxv. Chap. 2. (b) Quo primum tempore hanc Scientiam ad nostros per- venisse animadverto. Ib. [36-37] Plant before the time of Pliny, who has only transcrib'd what Theophrastus and Dioscorides have said long before him. Pliny makes mention of the Mandrak in seven different places of his Natural History. ___ In the first he almost lite rally transcribes what Theophrastus and Dios- corides have left us upon the Subject, which I think cannot well be denied notwith- standing all that the Learn'd Salmasius (a) has said to the contrary. ___ I shall tran- scribe here the words of Pliny, and leave you to form what Judgement you please: " Mandragoram, alii Circeam Vocant. " Duo ejus genera, candidus qui & mas, " niger qui femina existimatur, angusti- " oribus foliis quam Lactuc?, hisutis & " (b) caulibus, radicibus binis ternisve ru- " fulis, intusalbis, carbosis tenerisque, pene " & cubitalibus. Ferunt mala avellanarum " Nucum Magnitudine, & iis femen feu " Pyrorum. ___ Album hoc alii Arfen, alii " Morion alii Hypophlomon vocant. Hujus " Folia alba, quam alterius latiora, (c) La- " pathi Sativ?. Cavent effosuri contrarium " ventum & tribus Circulis ante gladio cir- " cumscribunt ; postea fodiunt ad Occa- " sum Spectantes. [ENDNOTE:] (a) Pr?fat. ad Homonyma Hyles Iatric?. (b) Sine caulibus. Dios. (c) Ut Bet?. Dios. "Od or [37] " Odor gravis ejus : Sed Radicis & " mali gravior (a) Potu quidem largiore " etiam moruntur. Bibtur et contra Ser- " pentes, & ante Sectiones Punctiones- " que ne Sentiantur. Bibitur et pro He- " lieboro duobus obolis in Mulso. " (b) It will appear evident to any one, that will give himself the Trouble to compare this Description of Pliny's Mandrake with that of Dioscorides, that it is the same in effect, and only differs in those places mark's in the Margin. He also ascribes the same Virtues to it that Dioscorides and Theophrastus have done, and takes Notice of that superstitious Ceremony which the Ignorance of those early times had introduc'd, relating to the manner of cutting or gathering of it, in almost the same words with the latter (c) Lavent effossuri contrarium Ventum, & tribus Circulis ante gladio circumscribunt, postea fodiunt ad occasum spectantes. (d) We have now consider'd the State of Botany amongst those Nations who were the most considerable for Arts and Sciences, and made such Observations [ENDNOTE:] (a) Dios. says nothing of the Smell of the Root. (b) Hist. Nat. Lib. xxv. Chap. 13. (c) Vid. p. 30. (d) Plin. Hist. Nat. Lib. xxv. Chap. 13. [38-39] thereupon as the Nature of the Subject requir'd. ___ We come next to enquire, First, Whether the Mandrake of Dioscorides is the same with that which we now have. Secondly, Whether it is the same with that which Rachel so eagerly requested of Leah. (d) Thirdly, Whether she desir'd it on the Account generally suppos'd by Interpreters of this Text of Scripture, that is, to render her capable of Conception. As to the first Enquiry, I think it will be universally granted, that the Man- drake of Dioscorides answers in every respect to the Description of that which we commonly have in our Physick Gardens. ___ This will appear evidently true to any one who will give himself the trouble to compare the Descriptions of this Plant, drawn by Gerara, Bauhine, Parkinson and others,with that of Dioscorides. ___ Tis true he has ascrib'd a great many Vertues to his Mandrake, which neither of these writers have so much as mention'd. But the Reason of this is plain. Dioscorides wrote on the Materia Medica at a time wherein Authors were too ready to report Things upon the Credit of others, who had no -better Foundation so support what they [ENDNOTE:] (d) Gen. Chap. xxx. v. 14, 15, & c. [39] asserted than that of common Tradition : But the Case was quite the reverse with those eminent Men. ___ They had all the Advantages of a truer Philosophy, and many Experiments and Observations, which the other could not in all proba- bility pretend to, I would not be thought to detract from the Merit of Dioscorides. I have great Esteem for his Book, and think that he justly deserves the Character confer'd upon him by Galen, (a) of being the first Writer who treated the Materia Medica with any tolerable Exactness : But there is no reason why we should implicitly give up all to the Authority of Dioscorides. He has had his day, and perhaps been more follow'd in points of Botany than any other ancient Writer whatsoever. ___ We are willing to give Dioscorides that Rank in Authority which he justly deserves ; this is all that his greatest Admirers can expect, both in Respect of him, and in respect of that Regard which we ought always to pay to Truth. 'Tis indeed very surprising to find all the Botanick Writers for many Years after Dioscorides unanimously concur in ascribing to the Mandrake all these Virtues conferr'd [ENDNOTE:] (a) De Simpl. Medic. Facultat. Lib. vi. [40-41] upon it by him. Hence no doubt it is, that the Commentators upon that Text in Scripture, which relates the History of Ruben's Mandrake, were led into an Error in imagining that Rachel requested those Mandrakes of Leah in order to render her capable of Conception. But I shall clearly prove that the Mandrake mention'd in Scripture could not be that mention'd by our Author. This is the second Proposition we have to disscuss, which we shall endeavour to prove by considering the Virtues of this Plant according to Dioscorides, and then by examining how far a Plant possessing those Properties is capable of answering such Intentions. ___ We have already taken notice of several Vertues ascrib'd to the Mandrake by Dioscorides, and made such Remarks upon them as appear'd then necessary. (a) And I think if there were no stronger Arguments to prove our Asser- tion than those already mention'd, they would be sufficient to any one who will allow himself to be convinc'd. But in order to render this as clear as the Nature of the subject will admit, we shall now examine the other Properties ascrib'd to the Mandrake by Dioscorides, which he de- [ENDNOTE:] (a p. 37. [41] delivers in the following Words, " Medicamentis Ocularibus, et his qui do- " lores finiunt, Pessis quoq ; emolientibus, " admiscetur : Semioboli pondre inditus " per se menses & partus expellit ; Subdi- " tus Sedi pro Balano, Somnificus est. " Radix ebur emollire fertur, qu? Senis " horis cum eo decocta sit : & ad accipi- " endam, quam effingere optaveris, for- " mam, ipsum facile pr?stat. ___ Folia " recentia convcnienter Oculorum Inflam- " mationibus, & Collectionibus, quas " Ulcera citarunt, cum polenta illinuntur. " Durities omnes, Suppurationes, Stru- " mas & Tubercula discutiunt. . ___ Trita " Radix Ignibus Sacris ex Aceto, & " Serpentium ictibus ex Melle et Oleo " Midetur. Strumas atque tubercula cum " aqua dissipat : Articulorum cruciatus " cum polenta Sedat. ___ Mala Soporem " afferunt olfactu, & etiam si mandan- " tur : item expressus ex iis Succus, ni- " mio tamen odore percussi, obmutescunt. " ___ Semen malorum potum Vulvas pur- " gat, appositumque cum Sulphure ignem " non experto rubra Feminarum profluvia " Sistat (a.") &c. He afterwards gives us the description of another kind of Mandrake call'd Mo- [ENDNOTE:] (a) Dios. Lib. iv. [42-43] rion, which according to Tradition will deprive one of his Reason if taken to the Quantity of a Dracham in any Vehicle whatsoever. (a) Here we have an Account of a Plant possessing very extroardinary, and very opposite Virtues, yet the Experience of many Ages has not been able to discover any other remarkable Efficacy in the Mandrake, than that arising from its cooling Properties. ___ But supposing the case to be quite the Reverse, it will appear evident, that the Mandrake of our Author could not be that which Rachel so eagerly requested of Leah. For by the account given of it in the writings of Dios- corides,it appears to be a Plant of a very deletirious Nature ; and he himself in another place, ranks it among the Number of such noxious Plants, and expressly tell us thatit will occasion a Paralysis, and such a profound Sleepiness as differs little from a Lethargy. Dioscorides in the Account already given, seems to have been very little ac- quainted with the true Vertues of the Mandrake ; or that which he knew must be very different from that which we have in [ENDNOTE:] (a) Tradunt eam in Pane, Offa. Obsoniove drachm? poncere devoratam usum Rationis intercipere. Dios. Ib. [43] these parts of the world. But as there is no Foundation to think that it was diffe- rent from ours, we may fairly conclude that all those Vertues ascrib'd to it by Dioscorides were merely grounded upon the current Tradition of the times ; other- wise we must conceive a very mean opinion of Dioscorides's candor. ___ It has been remark'd in the course of this Dissertation, that the Greek writers in Botany were always fond of ascribing supernatural powers to Plants, and it is perhaps owing to this whimsical Notion, that so many ridiculous things have been recorded of the Mandrake. (a) Dioscorides himself seems to have fallen into this absurd way of thinking, or how shall we able to defend him when says the Root of the Mandrake will by 6 Hours boiling turn Ivory soft, so as to render it susceptible of any form? Or how shall we be able to account for what he says concerning the Seeds of the Mandrake, which he assures us, will, being apply'd, stop the rubra Feminarum profluvia with the addition of Sulphur, ignem non experto? Pliny tells us the same almost in the same words. (b) [ENDNOTE:] (a) Mandr agora Si bibatur, confestim Sopor insequitur, exolutio ac vehemens Veternus, nihil temere distans a Lethargo. Lib. vi. Cap. 16. (b) Nimia rursus Profluvia Sistet Semen cum vino & Sulphure. Hist. Nat. Lib. xxvi. Bap. 15. [44-45] We have now consider'd the Medicinal Virtues of this Plant according to Diosco- rides, and shewn how inconsistently he has enumerated them ; but there is still re- maining one particular Vertue ascrib'd to it, which requires a very strict Exami- nantion : That is, whether the Mandrake really possesses such Virtues as are necessary in Cases of Sterrility, and whether Rachel purchas'd them of Leah upon this account. This is the last thing we propos'd to examine, and that in which we are likely to meet with the Strongest Opposition, having the concurrent Testimony of many learned Men against us, especially those who have oblig'd the World with their Comments upon the Bible. But as they seem to have been over-rul'd by the Autho- rity of Great Names, they will not be found so formidable Antagonists as might well be imagin'd. ___ They seem to have over look'd the plain Meaning of Scrip- ture, and stumbled upon Solutions much more obscure and uncertain than that which they attempted to explain. ___ They rely intirely upon the uncertain Accounts of Theophrastus, Dioscorides and Pliny, who have only transmitted the Opinions of each other, without considering upon what Degree of Certainty they [45] advanc'd them ; and seem rather inclinable to err with those Great Men, than question the Veracity of any thing they have left us. ___ It is this Attachment to Great Names that blinds the Understanding, and slackens our Inquiries into the truth of things : Authority may incline the Will, but can never convince the Understanding. It is, Sir, owing to this blind Fondness for Antiquity that so many and ridi- culous things have been recorded of the Mandrake, some of which are even unworthy to be nam'd. But what surprises me still more is to find, that the Learned Grotius (from whose extraordinary parts we might have expected better things) has said so little on the subject, and like one lead away with the current Notion, only quotes this Sentence of Pliny to prove the Affirmative, Semen Mandragor? potum Vulvam purgat : (a) Which plainly shows that he was of opinion that the Mandrake really possess'd those Virtues appropriated to it by the Ancients. ___ Pliny in this particular has certainly copied after Dioscorides,who has verbatim asserted the same (b)long before him. It is true Grotius knew [ENDNOTE:] (a) Hist. Nat. Lib. xxvi. Cap. 15. (b) Vid. p. 51. [46-47] very well all that the Greeks have wrote on the subject, but tells us that there are many Plants of that Name, and that their Virtues are variable according to the Cli- mate, and different ways of Culture. (a)Hence it appears what Sentiments Grotius had of the Mandrake, and how unwilling he was to dissent from the Authority of the Ancients. ___ We have already allow'd that the difference in Climates may considerably highten or abate the Vertues of Plants, and daily Experience plainly shews it. But what have the Followers of Grotius in this point, to answer for themsleves, when it can be clearly prov'd that in Spain and Italy, (hot Climates) the Mandrake grows to great Perfection, enjoys all the Advantages of Soil and Heat, yet never was known in these Countries to answer the Purposes alledg'd by him. As to what he says relating to the different Species of this Plant, I thin it is without any Foundation, for Dioscorides only mentions the Male and Female, and that call'd Morion which according to him is a Plant of very deleterious Nature, and we have already shewn that neither of these could [ENDNOTE:] (a) Eadem in alio nat? Solo, & alio paratu, aliued Valent. Annotat. ad Cant. Cantic. Cap. vii. v. 13. be [47] be the Mandrake purchas'd by Rachel: And the Moderns have no other Mandrake than the Male and Female commonly describ'd by Writers in Botany. It appears to me a kind of Paradox to imagine that a Plant so eminently remar- kable for its cooling Properties should in any Degree promote Conception. Galen (a) calls it cold in the third Degree, and Sennertus (b) gives it a place among poisonous Plants, and Bestows a whole Chapter about the Method of Cure, in which he differs little from that laid down by Dioscorides. ___ It is true, Philosophy leaves us here, and all our Reasonings however fine, and artfully spun out, are at best but lame and imperfect Guides ; and stand as evident Proof of the shallowness of Human Understanding. We know little of those dark and mysterious Causes which con- cur towards the Formation of the Embryo. These are Secrets only known to him, from whom nothing is hid. Leminus observing the insuperable Difficulties that attend Conjectures of this kind, endeavours to solve them by Reasons drawn [ENDNOTE:] (a) De Simpl. Mid. Facult. Lib. vii. (b) Lib. vi. Vol. 3. pag. 1095. Ed. Paris. [48-49] from the Difference of Climates. (a) He supposes that Rachel, residing in a Country where the Influence of the Sun is extreamly great, might possibly labour under a calida Uteri Intemperies, and in order to correct that Indisposition very reasonably had re- course to the Mandrake. ___ This would have been no good Solution of the point in Question, if we had any reason to suspect that Rachel was otherwise than is common to the Sex. But it is evident that Rachel labour'd under no Distempe- rature of the Uterus, much less that of Sterrility ; because the Scriptures mention soon after the birth of Joseph. Besides we have the same Authority to produce, that Leah's Mandrakes were of no Service to Rachel in promoting Conception, as she did not conceive thereupon ; for Leah bare Issachar, Zabulon and Dina before the birth of Joseph, which makes an Interval of about three Years at least. [ENDNOTE:] (a) In frigidis Humidisque Regionibus, atq ; in Utero humecto & Algido, tali quiddam perficere nequcat. sed in torrido ?ftuantique & exusto. Sic in Africa Hispania, Jud? &c. in quibus fere Regionibus mulieris adustos arentesque habent Uteros ac fervidos, tum squalidos ac Strigosos, non incommode hoc pomum adhibere posse crediderim, Herb. Bibl. Explicat. Cap. 2. In [49] Levinus Lemnius, having laid considerable Stress upon the hot and cold Intemperatures of the Ancients, is at great Pains to shew the Probability of his Supposition, that Rachel really labour'd under a Calida Uteri Intemperies : But as there is no foundation upon which he could possibly build so remote a Conjecture, we may very reasonably look upon it as mere Chim?ra, and the idle Invention of his own Brain. ___ If Men were allow'd the Liberty of inventing Hypotheses to solve Difficulties, there is nothing in Nature, however latent and obscure, that would not be explain'd and illustrated upon the Hypothesis of some luxuriant Fancy or other. ___ This plainly appears to be the Case of our Author, who finding the different opinions of learn'd Men in this Point very uncertain and perplex'd, resolv'd with himself to reject them all at once, in order to make way for this imaginary Intemperature of his own. It must be allow'd that the Ancients have talk'd very largely of their hot and cold Intemperatures, and have erected one in almost every part of the Body ; in the Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Womb, Brain, &c. For my own part, I know of no other Intemperature, than that arising from a quicker or slower circulation of [50-51] the Blood, which by encreasing or diminishing the Animal Secretions, may very probably produce such Indispositions as they without any manifest reason express'd by their Intemperatures. ___ But even in this Sense the Arguments of Lemnius will be of small Force to support his Hypothesis, as he strongly asserts the Narcotick Virtues of the Mandrake, and tells us, in what manner he himself was affected with te Effluvia of one lying in his Study, which render'd him so drowsy that he cou'd not recover himself out of it, till it was remov'd into another Place (a.) Now it is evident, that Lemnius must signify by his Intemperature some particular State of the Solids and Fluids, or it is a Word that carries along with it no Idea of the Thing meant. And if we allow that he understood by this Expression, allthat the Ancients have represented under it, the Whole amounts only to this, that [ENDNOTE:] (a) Cum autem ?stivis Mensibus (nam eo tempore Poma Mandragor? se proferunt) Semel atwue iterum in Musco nost o amabilem ac Speciosum ejus Stirpis fructum negligenter collocassem, ita Somnolentus sum affectus, ut ?gre sopor excuti posser. Cum autem obnixe obtinui, nec reationem tanti Veterni inire potui ; tandem cum quaquaversum demovissem Oculos, obulit se a tergo Pomum Mandragor?, quo amoto, atque in alium locum translato, factus sum alacrior, atque torporem depuli, monemque Osciantiam discussi. Herbar. Bibl : Ex- plicat, cap. 2. Rachel [51] Rachel was of a hot Constitution, or to speak more Philosophically, that the Contractions of her Solids were elevated above the Ballance of Nature. ___ This is all that can reasonably be inferr'd, or justly concluded from the Calida Intem peris of Lemnius, taken in its full force, and utmost extent, which, when truly consider'd, is enough to overthrow his whole Hypothesis (even tho' we allow that it was with Rachel as he has imagin'd) while he asserts the Narcotick Qualities of the Mandrake. ___ You see, by the History just now mention'd, how much this Plant possesseth all the Virtues of Opium, and consequently most necessarily produce all its effects. What these would be in such a Constitution as is here suppos'd, is easily to be apprehended by those, who have been taught to reason justly on the Animal Oeconomy, or are acquainted with what one of the Ornaments of his Profession has writ, upon the Nature and Modus Operandi of Medicinal Simples of this kind. ___ It is true, some Apology may be made for Lemnius, as he liv'd in an Age, wherein Philosophy, and reasoning upon just and indisputable Principles, were hardly known. Sympathies, Antipathies, Occult Qualities, Subtile Matter, and such like unintellig ible Jargon, were the Foundation upon which the Writers [52-53] Writers of these times built and explain'd all the Ph?nomena of Nature. ___ But it is the peculiar Happiness of the present Age, to see it self rescu'd from the Bon- dage of such Enthusiastick Principles, and to have Philosophy grounded and illus- trated upon that which can only support it, viz. Experiments carefully made, and faithfully related. ___ Had our Author been acquainted with the Nature of Soporiferous Medicines, and their ways of acting, he would have soon discover'd the Improba- bility of his Hypothesis, and no doubt employ'd his thoughts in pursuit of one more agreeable to truth, or at least, one that cou'd have been supported by better and more forcible arguments. As to that account he gives of the Manner, in which he was affected, with the Effluvia of a Mandrake-Apple, I must declare, that I have no faith enough to believe, that his Sleepiness was occasion'd by means of Effluvia arising from it. There is no Man that does not find himself at times, without any evident cause, inclinable to fall into such agreeable Slumbers ; and it is not at all unlikely to imagine, that this was the Case of Lemnius. Who, recollecting what the Ancients have writ on the Narcotick Virtues of the Mandrake, immediately concluded that this [53] Lethargic Fit (as he calls it) was intirely owing to Effluvia arising from this pre- tended Soporiferous Apple. ___ It must indeed be granted, that Lemnius has the Authority of the Ancients in this Point, to produce in his Defence, but the greatest Authority must yeild, when Experiments often repeated, and carefully made, shew that it has no evident grounds to support it. We have already taken Notice of some Experiments made by Lync?us Professor of Botany at Rome, and by Terrentius af- ter him, in order to ascertain the Narcotick Qualities of the Mandrake, and after all their attempts, were never able to discover any of those Effects, which Plants of the soporiferous kind constantly produce. And I think the Authority of these dili- gent and inqusitive Botanists, can't well be call'd in question, as their Experiments were made in publick, in the Presence of a numerous Audience, with all the Care and Caution imaginable. But in order to satifsy my self more fully about the Nar- cotic Virtues of the Mandrake, I made several Trials with the Root, Infusion and Tincture of that, which is commonly distinguish'd into Male and Female, and tho it was exhibited to different Animals in all these different forms, in pretty large Quantities, nothing ensued that could possibly. [54-55] sibly incline us to think that the Mandrake really possesseth any of those Properties resident in Plants of the Narcotic kind. It would take up too much Room to insert in this place the Remarks and Observations that occur'd to me during these several Trials, otherwise I had submitted them to the Judgment of the Publick at this very time ; however you shall soon see them in the same order in which they were made. The Case of Deusingius is almost Parallel to that of Lemnius. He exploded all the different Notions that had been set on foot to solve the Difficulties that attend an Explication of that Text in Scripture which relates the History of Rubens Man- drakes, and then gives his own Opinion in the following ludicrous Manner. "Sane, " si nugari in re Seria esset Animus, di- " cerem potius (Siquidem Poma Mandra- " gor? voce Doudaim intelligenda forent) " Rachelem pr? t?dio, quod ex amplexu " Mariti non conciperet Prolem, maluisse " quoque omne Desiderium concubitus " sibi perire, atque humc in finem Poma " illa Desiderasse, ad extinguendos Vene- " ris igniculos." Fasiculus Dissertationum Select. page 578. This is a Notion so very ridiculous and inconsistent, that it would be only distroy- ing of time to bestow one Moment in Confutation [55] Confutation of it, and deserves our Regard upon no other account than the Oddity of it, for which reason we have given it a Place here. In short, Commentators laying considerable Stress upon that Eagerness where- with Rachel desir'd Children, and finding all Antiquity concur in ascribing to the Mandrake such Virtues as are capable of promoting Conception, have almost una- nimously run into an Opinion, that Rachel could desire this Plant upon no other Account. ___ It cannot be deny'd, but Rachel's Passion for Children had carry'd be- yond all the Bounds of Modesty and Decorum. ___ Give me Children or else I die, is a full and convincing Proof of that Sorrow and Dispair into which her sterrility had thrown her ; and Jacob whom she had thus unreasonably reproach'd on that account, was at last oblig'd to give way to his Passion, and chastise her Impatience in the following pathetick Manner : Am I in Gods Place ? who hath withheld from thee the Fruit of the Womb ? Tho a Conduct like this of Rachels would appear very preposterous among the Women of any other Nation, yet it will admit of some degree of Alleviation among the Jews, who look'd upon the Want of Issue as the heaviest of all Cures, And Rachel upon [56-57] the Birth of Joseph was so sensible of the great Favours she had receiv'd from the Bounty of Heaven, that she immediately express'd her Acknowledgements in a Mixture of Gratitude and Transport, because God had taken away her Reproach. These arguments being fully weigh'd and consider'd, evidently shew, that Com- mentators have egregiously err'd, in explaining this Text of Scripture in the Sense I have mention'd. ___ It is true, the Septuagint have render'd the Word Dudain us'd in the Original by the Greek Word [Mandragoras], but what Affinity the one has to the other it not as yet agreed upon among those who are acquainted with the Oriental Languages. ___ All I can say is this, that upon examining several Versions of the Pentateuch, I find the Word Dudaim express'd by one, which in these dif- ferent Languages signifies some delicious and fragrant Fruit ; which is a Circum- stance that does not at all belong to the Mandrake of the Ancients, for Dioscorides and Pliny both affirm that it has a disagreeable Flavour. ___ This Conjecture is still further confirm'd from the Song of Solomon (a) wherein it is expressly said, the Mandrakes give a smell, &c. These are the only Places in Scripture where the [ENDNOTE:] (a) Chap. vii. Ver. 13. [57] Word Dudaim occurs in the Original, and if we may be allow'd to alter the Translation in one Place upon the Evidence and Authority of the other, the Sense will be ob- vious, natural and plain. St. Augustin was intirely of this Opinion, and strenu- ously asserts that Rachel did not purchase Ruben's Mandrakes in order to promote her Conception, but on Account of their Fragrancy and Smell. (b) These, Sir, are the Reasons that have ade me d[i]ffer in opinion from all other Writers on this Subject, and I think not without manifest and cogent Reasons. It is true, the distance of Time, together with the Loss of ancient Monuments of Learning, has render'd the Point difficult to be determin'd. We have lost the ?gyptian Botany, and the Grecian is not to be depended upon. Aristotle and Theo- phrastus are the most ancient Botanic Writers they have, and Dioscorides, who flourished many Years after, has in the Main follow'd their Steps, tho he has in many things improv'd upon them. ___ The Romans have left us nothing on the Subject, but what we have in Pliny, who seems to have transcrib'd from the Greeks all that he has said. ___ It is owing to these Misfortunes that learned Men, after all [ENDNOTE:] (b) August. lib. xxii. contra Faust. cap. 56. [58] their Enquiries, have not been able to determine what kind of Plant the Mandrake of the Ancients really was, nor discover any Modern one analogous to it. Many eminent Men and learn'd Critics have offer'd their Conjectures, but none have pre- tended to advance any thing with absolute Certainty. ___ The famous Ludolfus (a) has produc'd several plausible arguments to shew, that it is the Musa or Mauz of Syria. The Rabbins will have it to be the Fessamin, or Lilly: Others the Pala of Pliny upon account of its delicious Fruit. And Deusingius (b) is at great Pains to prove it to be a delicious kind of Melon, frequent on Syria and ?gypt. How far these different opinions will satisfy the Curious I know not, yet I think many Arguments might be advanc'd to prove their Uncertainty: However I hope that I have in some Measure answer'd your request, and if you think that I have treated the Subject with any tolerable degree of accuracy, I give you full liberty to dispose of it as you think proper, being indifferent about the Cen- sure of the World, whilst I meet with the Approbation of a Person of your emi- nent Merit among the Learned. I am &c [ENDNOTE:] (a) Comment. in Hist. ?thiop. page 141. (b) Fascicul. Differt. de Dudaim. F I N I S.